Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Irans Nuclear Program

Introduction Intelligence disciplines have become important tools in aiding collection of pertinent information that poses a threat to national security. Open Source Intelligence Service (OSINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), Measurement and Signatures Intelligence (MASINT), Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) are good examples of intelligence disciplines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Iran’s Nuclear Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These disciplines are used by the United States of America to collect vital information regarding various nations like Iran that have been involved in manufacturing nuclear weapons that threaten the security (Rublee 2). Applicable Intelligence Disciplines OSINT is an intelligence discipline that scrutinizes certain materials that have been made acces sible to the public. This serves as a stepping stone towards assisting the United States to collect important information available to the Iranian citizens and the world population at large. This kind of intelligence discipline aids the Soviet Union to derive up to 90 percent of its intelligence (Rickwards 23). Further, it ensures that large quantity of data is gathered in a bid to come up with well structured information. The information should meet the threshold laid down by the advisory collector. In addition, OSINT relay vital information that exhibits the potential of the activities in an organization. Further, the information provided pertaining that particular organization cannot be derived from any other source. This simplifies the mode of classifying data and deriving trade assets as a result of compiling an open source data. It is therefore arguable that OSINT is one of the main intelligence sources applicable in detecting early disasters through the data collected. Accord ingly, collection of OSINT data is not limited. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) is another imperative intelligence discipline which leverage gathering of necessary information regarding nuclear weapons produced in Iran. Human intelligence has been associated with open sources. The intelligence engages in obscured activities on the one hand, and the persons behind the intelligence sources on the other. It is also not in doubt that unconcealed behaviors are executed in an open arena. Various activities under the intelligence may include making use of uncategorized or forum materials. Other activities entail working in the interrogation centers for refugees and captives of war and also debriefing legal travelers who are of interest to a nation’s intelligence services. Furthermore, clandestine sources relay information to a foreign nation which is imperative in providing necessary information about a nation’s involvement in manufacturing nuclear weapons and foreign citizens wh o creep into a country to conduct a research.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States has clandestine sources in Iran that are vital in providing the nation with crucial information on Iran’s involvement in nuclear weapons which can be a threat to US and world’s security. Further, even with the outburst of practical aptitude in the nation, HUMINT intelligence is still in the lead in the provision of technical information that is not accessible to most technical collectors. A good example is providing information regarding the access of internal memoranda and to screen-off area information. This is very vital for United States’ intelligence services as they are in a position to track information on Iran’s involvement in nuclear manufacturing even if it tries to conceal that particular information to the public. Moreover, HUMINT i s important as it has the capability of closely monitoring the plans of the enemy. It is also used to reveal the progress of manufacturing scientific weapons prior to their usage or detection by any other technical system. HUMINT also provides data on certain issues that entail such subjects with specific knowledge in regards to cases relating to defectors and spies. In addition, it relays crucial information to which it gained access. This is a very important step in helping United States acquire crucial information regarding Iran involvement in nuclear weapons. The intelligence discipline also deals in information that is highly regarded in interpersonal relations. This can be critical in providing pertinent information on Iran. HUMINT is also observant on foreigners who are entering the country particularly from Iran. According to Drogin, HUMINT has several intelligence collection agents such as reconnaissance troops who are guarded and equipped to conduct HUMINT operations (5). Under the same agency, there is the counterintelligence agency that ensures higher gathering abilities over any previous division or contingent level asset. It is of importance that the tactical level is not overemphasized with IBCT organization. This is because the CI asset organic to conventional units at the squad tactical level have the capability which is unique to IBCT and that is important in the United States Army. Drogin further states that HUMINT has another agent known as platoon which is an element of the brigade military intelligence company (23). The said company sustains the processes and upholds a dominion connection of administrative power. The principal acumen is contained within the strategic HUMINT agencies. Once information has been collected under this agency, it is reported to the management team which analyses the intelligence data gathered by the tactical team. This is very vital especially when collecting vital data on countries such as Iran that are active ly engaged in manufacturing nuclear weapons. The Interim Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) is an operational tool under the HUMINT that revolves around collecting vital information from one level to another. The tool is uniquely designed to collect and disseminate vital information either in audio or oral form that is deemed valuable to the process. This is a very vital step in acquiring important data on countries involved in nuclear weapons.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Iran’s Nuclear Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More MASINT is another important intelligence tool which influence collection of information regarding nations like Iran’s involvement in nuclear weapon production. MASINT is vital as a means of obtaining and analyzing data through its special technical sensors. This is attributed to its ability of classifying the important data that is correlated with the source emitter. This is very instrumental in aiding US crack down on Iran’s involvement in Nuclear weapons. United States is in a position to pick out specific people involved in manufacturing nuclear weapons in Iran and ascertaining the nature of weapons produced. MASINT has also been praised due to its unique capability of identifying important information that could not be detected by sensors. This serves as a vital step in exposing closed information regarding nuclear weapons produced in Iran. It also reveals essential information that is considered to be inferior. According to intelligence Resource Program, MASINT works hand in hand with defense department of United States to ensure a harmonization collection effort for the intelligence discipline. This is very essential in enhancing efficient collection of information regarding Iran’s involvement in Nuclear weapons. Furthermore, the inception of the MA SINT data management program was for the sole purpose of providing accurate information. This acts as a bigger step in aiding collection of intelligence information regarding Iran and other related nations’ involvement in manufacturing of weapons. The Intelligence Resource Program, which has been placed under the responsibility of the MASINT Army, resides with the Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM). The duty to assemble and develop data in MASINT has been placed on the scientific and technical intelligence team. The team is actively involved in its role hence portraying its ideal dedication to achieve maximum positive results in the project. This is a very vital step in collecting relevant information on nuclear. SIGINT serves as another important intelligence discipline which is used to control collection of information about a country’s involvement in manufacturing of weapons. This intelligence discipline makes use of certain integrated signal intercepts. The signals are used to capture messages that are transmitted in various forms. Information can also be gathered through fibre optic or such other means. Most communications under SIGINT are encrypted. They also typically require sophisticated computer technology for description which helps to maintain privacy and confidentiality of information.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States is in a position to get vital information regarding Iran involvement in nuclear weapons by applying this intelligence discipline and through other various platforms. Such platforms include covert locations inside United States. According to Intelligence threat handbook, SIGINT can monitor transmission from community satellite as well as terrestrial facilities (OPSEC 36). It therefore becomes of essence that the information regarding the proliferation of nuclear weapons is leveraged. The establishment of Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS), which consolidates all operations related to the case of Iran, is in a position to penetrate easily into a foreign nation. This was evident during the World War II when the United Nation through SIS, which is operated under SIGNT, penetrated in Japan. GEOINT has also been recognized as having a key role in the intelligence community and defense (Lahneman 23). GEOINT examines and gives an analysis of the visual account that correla tes to security actions. The analysis combines all the aspects of the imagery intelligence and the geospatial news. GEOINT uses imagery satellites to study the nuclear production in Iran. The imagery is currently obtained from an array of sensors. The imagery is vital to collect intelligent information. A proper installed imagery provides an accurate platform for targeting the weapon’s location. Secondly, it further gives a lee way to detect peculiar activities pertaining to the manufacturing of nuclear weapons in Iran. GEOINT allows the intelligence team to gather and produce information in an electronic manner or optical means and further relay the information garnered on display gadgets. It is therefore arguable that the intelligence concerns itself with imagery concepts that allow for easy collection and procession of data. This also ensures easy retrieval of all imagery activities that are considered of utmost important to assess any kind of threat that has been detected . Conclusion It is not in doubt that Iran is still actively engaged in assembling nuclear weapons. Though it has not been directly communicated whether the weapons pose a threat to the security of the nation or not, the same cannot be dismissed. It is therefore important to collect and disseminate information relating to the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The five disciplines therefore play a vital role to ensure that the same is achieved. Works Cited Drogin, Bob 2005, How U.S Fell Under the Spell of Curveball. PDF file. 2 Apr. 2013. Lahneman, William. Keeping U.S Intelligence Effective, Plymouth, 2011. Print. OPSEC. Intelligence Threat Handbook, New York: Diane Publishers, 1996. Print. Rickwards, James. Currency Wars: The making of the Next Global Crisis, London: Penguin Group, 2012. Print. Rublee, Maria. Non- Proliferation Norms: Why States Choose Nuclear Restraints, New York: University of Georgia Press, 2010. Print. This research paper on Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Iran’s Nuclear Program was written and submitted by user Anabella Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

One Die, Two Dice

One Die, Two Dice One Die, Two Dice One Die, Two Dice By Maeve Maddox Mickey Bayard has questions about the words die and dice. A friend and I are in dispute over the expression, The di (die , dye) is cast, we have crossed the Rubicon .   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦our conflict is over the use of di. I feel it is the singular of Dice , and therefore means the casting of a single dice or di. My friend argues that it is related to a Die cast i.e. A Sword cast in metal from a die. Both seem plausible and the spelling should help , but I have seen it both ways .So many people must be confused as well. First, Caesars frequently quoted statement is usually rendered as The die is cast. Alea iacta est (also alea jacta est, Latin: The die has been cast) is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as iacta alea est [ˈjakta ˈaË lea est]) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the River Rubicon in northern Italy. Wikipedia Gambling was a favorite Roman pastime so Caesars metaphor was easily understood. Fate controlled the roll of the dice. By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar initiated the events that would play out in the civil war to follow. The plural of this kind of die is dice. I dont know about swords, but coins and other objects are cast from a die: An engraved stamp used for impressing a design or figure upon some softer material, as in coining money, striking a medal, embossing paper, etc. The plural of this kind of die is dies. The word die may come from Latin datum in the sense of that which is given or decreed [as by lot or fortune]. The dots on dice are indented. The sense of stamping block or tool for die was first recorded in the 1690s. There is historical precedent for using the plural dice as a singular, as in this example from the OED: 1751 MRS. E. HEYWOOD Hist. Betsy Thoughtless IV. 202 Protesting never to touch a card or throw a dice again. Contemporary gamers frequently use dice as a singular: The probability of one dice being a particular number is 1/6. The player may use either ONE DICE or THE OTHER, instead of adding both Dice together, to increase their count. Each player keeps one dice. This use of dice to refer to one of the dotted cubes has recently crept into directions for games intended for general audiences. The use of dice as a singular noun strikes my ear as incorrect, but I suspect that it will eventually become the norm. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Is "Number" Singular or Plural?

HACCP in temperature conrolled transport Assignment

HACCP in temperature conrolled transport - Assignment Example Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive measure in food supply chain that Identify potential biological, chemical and physical hazards in the food production and distribution process and goes further to design preventive measures to eliminate or reduce these hazards to acceptable levels. In this regard, HACCP is a preventive measure rather than a corrective measure. Production and distribution of food involves a number of processes that are required to eliminate or prevent reintroduction of food hazards through post contamination. Activities during transportation are even critical because most food products leave the factories when several analyses have been done and food that meet the quality and safety parameters are released to the market. It is therefore important for food transporters to ensure no potential hazards are reintroduced in foods during transport. This principle forms the basis for implementation of HACCP system in a temperature controlled trans port. Multidisciplinary approach is the key to successful implementation of HACCP system for temperature controlled transport. This approach should appropriately include: production, chemistry, food technology, engineering, microbiology, agronomy and public health expertise. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System is a food safety management system thus should allow transporters whether small or large to identify and manage all hazards that would pose danger to food during transportation. ... It is important to note that these are the key activities involved with regard to logical sequence of HACCP principles. HACCP Team Formation The development and maintenance of an effective HACCP system depends mainly on the management team. Assemblage of the HACCP team is the first stage in implementation. The team should consist of people and individuals with appropriate multidisciplinary expertise. HACCP team for temperature controlled transport must consists of expertise from engineering, food technology, production, logistics and transport, food microbiology, food chemistry, food packaging and storage, food toxicology and food quality assurance (Surak & Wilson 2007 p.8). The composition of HACCP team is very critical in identification of all potential hazards and putting the right control measures. However, if for example a transport company is not able to avail expertise from these disciplines, it is recommended that the company seeks for advice from independent experts. The HAC CP team also plays a key role in identification of the scope which for this case is transport and storage of food thus hazards covered here would be within the scope. Product Description and the Intended Use The HACCP team should then describe the products in full and must include all relevant information about safety including physical, chemical and microbiological properties, composition, chemical structure such as water activity and pH, storage conditions and the expiry dates. A full description should also include any form of treatments such as brining, freezing, thermal treatment, smoking and the methods of storage and distribution. However, when the controlled temperature transport system caters for different products, this description can

Price of Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Price of Healthcare - Essay Example In 2005, the average person spent close to $6,000. Medical bills were of little concern to families in the 1950’s but the medical technology seems archaic by today’s standards. Half a century ago, a person’s lifespan was approximately 68 where today, it is a decade longer. Those in their 40’s today can reasonably expect to see their 80th birthday. Most, presumably, would prefer to spend more money to live longer which is what has happened. From this perspective, healthcare could be considered a good return on an investment. The benefits and costs of healthcare are not unrelated yet many do not understand why they have to pay more than they did equivalent to the 1950’s or even to 1999. People generally consider healthcare costs to be a commodity in the same way they think of electricity or gasoline where price has little bearing on the quality of the product. The medical system of the U.S. does experience waste from sources such as bureaucratic expenses generated from insurance companies and unproven procedures that are expensive and are yet to be proven effective. The main reasons for the increasing medical cost increases, however, are visible and obvious. They can be readily observed in hospitals and in people’s home medicine cabinets as well. CAT Scan and MRI machines, specialized neonatal apparatus and defibrillators in addition to numerous other high-tech hospital gadgets such as artificial hearts are very expensive. Prescription prices have also risen which adds to the total costs related to healthcare (Leonhardt, 2006). The price of prescriptions are not determined by production costs or by monies allocated to researching new drugs. Competition, projected volume of sales as opposed to actual sales and estimates of revenue produced by the product are among other factors drive drug prices.

Biochemical Importance of Water

Biochemical Importance of Water Water is often referred to as the universal solvent and without there would be no life on this planet. Its involvement is extensive from cellular processes in organism to providing a habitat for life. In this essay I will examine the reason for waters properties and how its properties allow for its vast involvement. A water molecule is comprised of 2 hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. The oxygen forms 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals resulting in a tetrahedral shape. The sp3 hybrid orbitals come about from the overlap of the 2s orbital and the 2px, 2py and 2pz orbitals of the oxygen. Two of these hybrids then overlap with the 1s orbital of the hydrogens resulting in two covalent bonds. The other orbitals are occupied by the 2 lone pairs on the oxygen. The VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory states that electrons repel each other and as a result of this the electrons that surround an atom spatially arrange themselves maximising the distance between one another in the effort to reduce this repulsive effect1. However, lone pairs have a greater repulsive effect than valence electrons which results in the distortion of the angle by effecting the positions of the other electrons; this property accounts for waters shape being bent rather than tetrahedral and having a bond angle of 104.5Â ° rather than a tetrahedral angle of 109.5Â °1. Waters polar nature is contingent upon the difference in the electronegativities of its atoms. Oxygen has a greater electronegativity than hydrogen resulting in oxygen having a bigger pull on the electrons than the hydrogen. The result of this is an inductive effect where the electrons in the covalent bond being drawn closer to the oxygen. As a result of the inductive effect, the oxygen has a partial negative charge (ÃŽ ´-) while the hydrogens possess a partial positive charge (ÃŽ ´+) producing a polar substance. Waters polar nature allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between one another. The partially positive hydrogen of one atom forms a hydrogen bond with partially negative oxygen of another water molecule. The partial charges on the atoms that make up water allow it to act as a solvent for ionic or polar substances. In the case of ions, the water can break bonds between one another to form ion-dipole bonds as well as dipole-dipole bonds5. The charge of the ion attracts the opposite charge on the water and is surrounded by the solvent molecules forming either one or more hydration shells. Certain biological molecules possess both polar and non polar regions. The polar regions are said to be hydrophilic and will interact with the solvent through hydrogen bonding. The non polar regions are unable to form hydrogen bonds with the water and therefore are unable to interact with it. The water is said to have a hydrophobic effect2 upon these non polar molecules as they interfere with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These biological molecules position themselves so that the orientation of the hydrophilic head faces outwards into the solvent while the hydrophobic tail points inwards away from the solvent. Examples of this process would be the micelles, which position themselves so that they form globules and bilayers where they position themselves so that there are two layers of hydrophilic heads pointing outwards into the solvent on either side with the tails conjugating in between. The bond strength of hydrogen is weak comparatively, it is approximately 20 kJ mol-1 compared to 460 kJ mol-1 for the covalent bond between the oxygen and the hydrogen3. Although hydrogen bonds are weak individually they have a cumulative effect. Due to the vast number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in water, water has a high specific heat capacity for its molecular weight (4.18 J K-1 g-1)5 meaning waters able to absorb a substantially high value for heat and as a result the temperature increase is minimal4. This is what makes water an effective temperature buffer. Water spreads the energy from the thermal increase across the entirety of its system; this is the reasoning behind why water is used by organisms to regulate their temperature. Sweat is comprised of water and salt, due to waters high specific heat capacity it requires a lot of energy to evaporate the sweet off the body6. The thermal energy generated by the body is used to evaporate the sweat which in turn cools the body down. This principle also explains why water can exist in liquid forms and allows for the existence of oceans, lakes, etc. Waters existence as a liquid is vital to existence of life. Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane. If animal cells were surrounded by an aqueous environment which differs in water potential from their own it could result in cell shrinkage or bursting. In an effort to prevent this, the cells are immersed in an aqueous solution with a similar osmotic potential to that in the cell (isotonic). An example of where osmosis plays a large part in biology is in homeostasis. Water regulation in the body is controlled by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain. The low levels of water in the blood cause these cells to shrink due to osmosis; this causes neurosecretory cells to release the hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)7. Controlling the levels of ADH controls the permeability of the collecting duct, in the liver, to water and thereby controlling the levels of water in the blood and subsequently the body. Each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds with 4 other water molecules. Although these water molecules dont stay constantly bonded to each other, reorienting every 10-12 s 3, the extensive network of these bonds results in a large cohesive force holding water together. This is vital for the role water plays for transpiration in plants. When water evaporates and leaves through the stomata a water gradient causes the water to be pulled up the xylem. The water molecules above drag the ones below it due the bonds between them. Waters adhesive properties also play a role in this as it gives water the ability to overcome the gravitational force acting upon it through the adhesion between the water and the cell walls in the xylem. Water is used inside complex organisms to break down macromolecules into their sub units. One of the hydrogens of the water is added to one substituent while the hydroxyl group in water is added to the other sub unit. This process is therefore known as hydrolysis. This is important in terms of converting long term storage of carbohydrates, such as glycogen in the body and starch in plants, into short term carbohydrates used in metabolism. The reverse of this process is known as dehydration. When monomers come together to form polymers, the hydroxyl of one and the hydrogen of the other leave giving rise to a polymer. An example of this would be the reaction between amino acids to form proteins, the hydrogen on the amine group and the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group on the other. Water plays a role in respiration; it cleaves a phosphate off ATP, energy currency of cells, to give ADP and energy for respiration. Waters is produced from the combining of hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation. The significance of this is, the formation of water allows the process to continue7; if water didnt form then cell death would follow. For instance, cyanide inhibits the formation of water from oxidative phosphorylation7. In photosynthesis, water replenishes the electrons lost by the reaction centre. The hydrogen ions of water pass through the channel in the stalk particle providing the energy for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The oxygen that is left combines with another to form O2 and is used in cellular respiration. Water contributes to buffering changes in pH in organisms. It combines with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. All these processes are reversible in both directions. This allows it to act as a buffer. If the pH increases the carbon dioxide and water react to form carbonic acid which, in turn, dissociates to release hydrogen ions, which decrease the pH, and bicarbonate6. The reverse occurs for a decrease in pH. In conclusion, the significant processes that water is involved in are due to its polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Essa

Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Christina Rossetti was born in Victorian England and grew up in the pre-Raphaelite era. Coming from a well educated family she drew influence for her poems from her surroundings and experiences. In ‘A Birthday’, she looks at the celebration of finding new love. She is overjoyed because her love is reciprocated and wants to make a new beginning with this man spending the rest of her life with him raising a family. A Birthday is filled with joy, happiness and anticipation of what life will be like with her new love. Whereas ‘Remember’ is very different; she must prepare her lifelong lover/husband for her death. The tone of joy is therefore replaced by a much sadder tone reflecting her struggle and unhappiness. Both poems are carefully structured. ‘A birthday’ is written in two verses. The first verse contains three similes and a comparative and the second uses three imperatives (raise me, carve it, work it) and in the final lines of both verses the reason for the joy and making of the room are given. Whereas ‘Remember’ is a petrarchan sonnet. It consists of many short phrases and gentle words which further illustrates the feeling of tiredness. The punctuation and lines mirror her difficulties to speak throughout the poem. In ‘A Birthday’ repletion of the phrase ‘my heart’ is used, this is to illustrate the feelings in her heart of joy, happiness and excitement that her love has been reciprocated by the one she loves. It gives the idea that her heart is the most important thing at this moment and it is affecting the actions of the rest of her body. In contrast in ‘Remember’ the word ‘remember’ is repeated to emphasise the idea that when... ...ws at first he will spend every moment thinking and grieving for her but with the gradual progression of time he may forget her from time to time; and for this he ma feel guilty. She is thinking ahead to the time when he won’t think of her in the natural flow of time which is imperceptible to him. The fact he has now accepted she is going to die she can give him instructions and talk about death and the grave in a real way. Such as the idea of darkness in the grave and how the body will decompose. She asks him to hold her in his heart and record her in his everlasting memories this compares with the idea of responsibility that comes with love which is described in ‘A Birthday’. She finally reassure him that if he does forget her he won’t be a traitor to her because she wants him to be happy and doesn’t want her death to be the end of his happiness forever. Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Essa Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Christina Rossetti was born in Victorian England and grew up in the pre-Raphaelite era. Coming from a well educated family she drew influence for her poems from her surroundings and experiences. In ‘A Birthday’, she looks at the celebration of finding new love. She is overjoyed because her love is reciprocated and wants to make a new beginning with this man spending the rest of her life with him raising a family. A Birthday is filled with joy, happiness and anticipation of what life will be like with her new love. Whereas ‘Remember’ is very different; she must prepare her lifelong lover/husband for her death. The tone of joy is therefore replaced by a much sadder tone reflecting her struggle and unhappiness. Both poems are carefully structured. ‘A birthday’ is written in two verses. The first verse contains three similes and a comparative and the second uses three imperatives (raise me, carve it, work it) and in the final lines of both verses the reason for the joy and making of the room are given. Whereas ‘Remember’ is a petrarchan sonnet. It consists of many short phrases and gentle words which further illustrates the feeling of tiredness. The punctuation and lines mirror her difficulties to speak throughout the poem. In ‘A Birthday’ repletion of the phrase ‘my heart’ is used, this is to illustrate the feelings in her heart of joy, happiness and excitement that her love has been reciprocated by the one she loves. It gives the idea that her heart is the most important thing at this moment and it is affecting the actions of the rest of her body. In contrast in ‘Remember’ the word ‘remember’ is repeated to emphasise the idea that when... ...ws at first he will spend every moment thinking and grieving for her but with the gradual progression of time he may forget her from time to time; and for this he ma feel guilty. She is thinking ahead to the time when he won’t think of her in the natural flow of time which is imperceptible to him. The fact he has now accepted she is going to die she can give him instructions and talk about death and the grave in a real way. Such as the idea of darkness in the grave and how the body will decompose. She asks him to hold her in his heart and record her in his everlasting memories this compares with the idea of responsibility that comes with love which is described in ‘A Birthday’. She finally reassure him that if he does forget her he won’t be a traitor to her because she wants him to be happy and doesn’t want her death to be the end of his happiness forever.

Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe

For the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason  why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. Once known as the bread basket of Africa, Zimbabwe has the ability to rise up again especially with the internationally accepted new government of Unity were the two major political parties, ZANU PF and MDC have come together to work as one for the betterment of the country and to fulfil the needs of the people. There has been little to no investment in Zimbabwe as many pulled out during the past decade. Foreign investment is when a company invests financially in a country abroad, whether in the form of portfolio investments which include shares, stock and bonds, or in the form of direct investment where locally based operations are owned and controlled by the foreign investing corporation. Such investments are controlled by laws known as International trade laws. International Trade law includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries or between private companies across country borders. Most countries are part of a body that has made an agreement for trading internationally. Zimbabwe is part of several including UNICTRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), BIPPA (the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement) and COMESA (the common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa). Zimbabwe’s local body, governing foreign investment is the Zimbabwe Investment Authority with approval necessary from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and Registrar of companies. The extract below shows the depths to which the Zimbabwean economy had fallen. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics 52. Zimbabwe Net Investment Flows 1998-2007 (US$ million) |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Direct Investment |436 |50 |16 |0 |23 |4 |9 |103 |40 |69 | |Portfolio Investment |11 |21 |-1 |-68 |-2 |4 |2 | | | | |Source: IMF, UNCTAD, Ministry of Finance However, what is common is that Africa is the one continent that most global capitalist powers compete for due to its vast resources and wealth, examples eing of Nigeria and its oil, The Congo, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana for their diamonds and precious stones as well as many other aspects such as Tourism. Zimbabwe to one of the Wonders of the world, and some people like investing in tourism, but over the past decade they decided not to. Countries would have loved to do that for reasons such as the 2010 world cup but in as much as opportunities arise, if a country is not politically and e conomically stable, it becomes almost obsolete to even the most interested investors. Zimbabwe economic situation was is dismal, having the â€Å"largest peacetime drop [in GDP] ever recorded† (http://www. state. gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117167. html) at roughly 50%. The Economist Intelligence Unit (in the USA) estimates that 12. 8% of the GDP dropped in just one year- 2008. The inflation rate is the highest in the world, officially estimated at about 231 million percent in July last year. Unofficially however, inflation rates of the Zimbabwean dollar are said to be hundreds of billions if not quadrillions; and this is only the tip of the ice berg. The reasons why foreigners had pulled out were because of: the instability that was brought about after the land return programme †¢ political instability – divisions between the two parties and how that affected the country †¢ Economic sanctions – these can cripple a whole economy and country †¢ the breakdown of the stock exchange †¢ the non transparency of the companies and thei r involvement with government †¢ high taxes †¢ unprofitable economic environment †¢ inflation that started in the thousands and ended in the millions †¢ the laws and regulations governing foreign investment †¢ limited protection for foreign investors in some cases †¢ corruption The biggest problem the country was facing is that the rule of law no longer exists in the country. Instead, numerous government policies were ill formed and passed. Some that totally nullifies the power of law and order and in some cases, human rights. Currency exchange is a crucial part of foreign trade, the government’s Conversion and Transfer Policies were uncertain and changed unexpectedly several times. This has put a constraint on business planning and operations and most companies would much rather not risk making great losses because of a sudden adverse change in policies. The government of Zimbabwe had been known to disregard any judgments passed against them by international arbitrators, making the country a place full of lawlessness, dangerous and too risky to invest in. For example in 2005 â€Å"a group of Dutch farmers whose farms were seized under the land reform program took their case to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), demanding that the Zimbabwean government honour the BIPPA between the Netherlands and Zimbabwe. Although the government â€Å"acknowledged that the farmers had been deprived of their land without payment of compensation† they disputed the US$30million claim by the farmers. A decision is yet to be reached. A policy amendment Constitutional Amendment 17, enacted in 2005, removed the right of landowners whose land had been acquired by the government to challenge the acquisition in court. To increase foreign investment the government’s priority should be to restore the rule of la w and order. Restore the people’s faith in the power and fairness of the judicial administrations and government of Zimbabwe. They can do this by honouring their agreements with other countries and renouncing past policies that contradict initial agreements. It would be messy but the country itself is already in a bad state. Righting the wrongs is therefore being an important part of reviving the nation’s economy. Nepotism, favouritism, victimization, and discrimination would have to be seen as no longer existent in the country to make investors feel once again confident and safe investing Zimbabwe. According to the ‘best available surveys’ â€Å"only 7% [700 000 people] of the nations population is employed in the formal sector,† otherwise there is 80% unemployment in the formal sector. Most qualified workers have fled the country in search of greener pastures. The government rightly expects foreign investors to maximize use of local managerial and technical personnel. But in my opinion it is the government’s responsibility to ensure that such personnel are available. Their policy making should therefore first focus on educating and catering for its people so they are available and up to international standard when foreigners come to invest and need workers. The government should make policies that direct a lot more funding into the Educational sector of the country – which was once very well respected and recognised. Those way investors would find more ready, capable and qualified locals to employ. The government should improve the health sector by injecting funds to pay doctors and nurses well. Qualified health workers flee Zimbabwe as soon as they get the chance in search of better, more consistent work environments. With well paid doctors and health personnel the country could avoid crises like the cholera outbreak in 2008 and ensure a safe physical environment. In all this however, Zimbabwe’s government has made efforts to improve foreign investment. They have created foreign trade zones and processing ports. Benefits include 5 year tax holiday, duty free importation of raw materials and capital equipment for use in the EPZ. There is a requirement to export 80% of production in these zones however so this makes the offer less attractive to foreign investors. The government should consider reducing the stipulation in order to attract more investors. After the formation of the Government of National Unity, there was increased support from the international world on how to come up with a sound political framework and policy formulation that could encourage foreign investors, and true to form, the two parties have been trying to work with each other so as to do so. South Africa and Botswana, although closer to home than the usual British and American investors, have already started investing in the mining and farming sectors, with notable billionaires such as Patrice Motsepe of South Africa playing a crucial part in the field. The goals business sector itself is pushing for: 1. Transparency in business and transactions 2. Sustainable taxes for investors 3. Regulatory laws that also work favourably for foreigners 4. Strict function and control of the 49% foreign ownership and 51% Zimbabwean ownership – where even those that are foreigners and own 49% are allowed to make Zimbabwean colleagues, their managers and CEO's for the sole issue of trust among many things. Such partnerships are being encouraged. The stock market for one is back on track, especially with the use of the US dollar and South African rand which is making the market stable and opening up the incentive of investing as there is no longer inflation after the current none use of the Zimbabwean dollar. For the mean while, it is not being used although it has not been eradicated as it will be back in use once the environment is permitting. The policies government makes should firstly, show that the country is serious about attracting foreign investment – at the moment, it looks like South Africa, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria are the only serious ones. Countries like Botswana, Uganda and Kenya are countries that are coming up and under observation in the mean time. Secondly the policies should market Zimbabwe as aggressively as other regions of the world – because as of now there is need for a supportive business framework such as transportation and communications infrastructures, trained or trainable human resources, and equitable trade and employment practices. Thirdly they should be aimed at demonstrating to investors the opportunity cost of not investing in Zimbabwe. Previously the government has certain policies in place, formed and implemented under a dictator regime; In 2008 the government introduced an Indigenization Act that mandates, over time, 51 percent indigenous ownership of businesses. The government reserves several sectors for local investors. Under current laws, foreign investors wishing to participate in these sectors may only do so by entering into joint venture arrangements with local partners. The foreign investors are allowed to own 35 percent of the operation. The following industries face these restrictions; †¢ Agriculture/Forestry; Primary production of food and cash crops , Primary horticulture , Game, wildlife ranching and livestock, Forestry , Fishing and fish farming, Poultry farming , Grain milling , Sugar refining. Transportation; Road haulage, Passenger bus, taxis and car hire services of any kind, Tourist Transportation, Rail operations. †¢ Retail/wholesale trade; including distribution, Barber shops, hairdressing and beauty salons, Commercial photography, Employment agencies, Estate agencies, Valet services, Manufacturing, marketing and distribution of armaments, Water provision for domestic and industrial purposes, Bakery and confecti onary, Tobacco packaging and grading post auction, Cigarette manufacturing. Source: (www. nationsenclclopedia. om/economies/africa/zimbabwe/foreign-investment). . The government needs to recognise that this may not be adequate enough incentive for investors. They should therefore revaluate and review their policies in some areas to encourage foreigners to invest. The percentages given to foreigners may prove unprofitable to a large conglomerate looking to run a company based in Zimbabwe. They would rather invest in a place where returns can be maximized, and the government should therefore allow foreigners a larger percentage of the business. he Government of National Unity has taken this into consideration and opened its door to all country stakeholders in 2009 to be part of the new policy making process, this included miners, lawyers, pastors, NGO’s and many other diverse groups. This reflected the positive determination of Zimbabweans and the government to get back on rein vest itself bigger and better. Our president was quoted at a mining conference to attract foreign investors who are sceptical about Zimbabwe's respect for property rights following the disruptions on commercial farms and a raft of controversial indigenisation laws; Because it is capital intensive, the mining sector requires regional and international partners who can bring in the necessary capital,   mining technology and management expertise to complement local resources,† Mr Mugabe told about 200 foreign investors. â€Å"On its part, the government is committed to ensuring that the policy environment is stable, predictable and sufficiently attractive to guarantee investors good returns on their investment. â€Å" Investors and locals alike look forward to the growth our economy will experience because of the new policies being put in place and the effort of our Government of National Unity is making to involve all stakeholders and uphold those laws. References: ? http://allafrica. com/stories/200909180530. html ? http://www. allbusiness. com/trade-development/trade-development- ? NationsEncyclopedia. com ? www. zimtrade. co. zw ? www. zia. co. zw ? http://www. state. gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117167 ? www. hg. org/trade. html ? en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Nations_Commision_on_International_Trade_Law