Syrian Conflict Essays - Middle East, Politics Of Syria, Syria

Syrian Conflict Jessica Galati American Government Bergen Community College December 3, 2013 Conceptual As of now the most earnest discussion in international strategy is the utilization of concoction weapons. The Syrian common war has come into the spotlight of that banter because of the administration's supposed utilization of substance weaponry against its own residents. In the wake of following this theme in paper articles, to comprehend the subject smoothly, I have had the option to frame a comprehension of the point also, structure my own sentiments This paper will concentrate on the accompanying, the occasions that occurred in Damascus and how the nation was affected, the proof of concoction weapon use by the Syrian President, Bashar al-Assad, and taking a nitty gritty glance at how the American government reacted to the assaults and how they should keep on acting accordingly these assaults. I will likewise illuminate you regarding my assessments of the activities and occasions inside the paper. Throughout recent years the United States clashes with the Middle East has been getting increasingly extreme and extending. With what begun as a contention inside the Iraqi government has now extended to more nations with higher stakes. The United States has started attempting to expel themselves from additional strife, anyway the common war in Syria is difficult to disregard. In the wake of abusing numerous understandings and guidelines, the Syrian governments affirmed concoction assaults on their residents has prodded numerous nations prepared to get arms. Much discussion is occurring about military association instead of discretionary talks and understandings. Syria is depending on their partners to spare them from military strikes. The leader of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, took the nation after a arrangement of upsets, and held the nation in an iron hold of human rights disregarding law. His replacement, and child, Bashar al-Assad, advanced change for the nation yet did next to no to change the course of the nation. Fights of the system, wishing to have the president's rule finished, started in March 2011. The fights and uprisings started as quiet portrayals of disdain and defiance, anyway the Syrian armed force was sent to control such activities as to maintain a strategic distance from a revolt. The sent soldiers controlled the unarmed protestors by open terminating. Long stretches of terminating crews taking on fights followed. This started the improvement of a full scale common war growing in the two years following. The regular citizen open was offended and started taking on the Syrian military as volunteers as state armies with little coordination. After the request for some administration strikes against fights, a significant number of the Syrian country's military officials deserted to the revolutionary gathering, starting the Free Syrian Army, an umbrella gathering of the renegade military force, and went on to later speak to and control the resistance's military. Their objective is to expel Bashar al-Assad from power. The renegade gathering's militaries, lacking genuinely necessary solidarity, looked for help from turkey, and the Syrian National Council was brought to creation. This is presently perceived as an authentic delegate gathering of Syria by many nations. Since the start of the common war, more than one hundred thousand have been murdered, more than 2,000,000 Syrian evacuees have fled to encompassing nations, and a huge number of protestors have been detained and tormented. These assaults from both the legislature and restriction raised colossally. While we would all be able to state authoritatively that the Damascus synthetic strike was the most destructive Hundreds of men, ladies, and kids, some still in diapers, are discovered dead or harmed over the boulevards and filling the emergency clinics. This assault caught the universes eye and carried numerous to their feet, prepared to make a move. This was the primary authoritative synthetic strike in which the UN could gather implicating proof. There were various substance weapon strikes revealed all through the year other than the one happening in Damascus. As indicated by American reports there were around 10 synthetic assaults since 2012 and the quantity of setbacks from these by themselves has reached more than fifteen hundred men, ladies, furthermore, youngsters. The UN has been endeavoring to access profoundly concentrated territories. After the Damascus assault and potential dangers coming in over the globe the UN squeezed prompt access to the zone to test for substance weapons. They were declined access until weeks after the fact when nearly the entirety of the proof would have cleared, raising warnings about the governments contribution. The system discharged a few cases that rebel armed forces had taken the gas and discharged it. In any case, UN examiners had discovered enough buildup and taken enough casualties for testing to

How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations Free Essays

Analyze how the essayists shape or art every content to meet the desires for their separate crowd, reason and setting Excerpt from Weblog and concentrate from Vernon God Little by DCB Pierre Text B is as a blog, which is an online journal refreshed normally by its writer. Content C is a concentrate from the novel Vernon God Little by DCB Pierre. The two writers focus on a youthful grown-up crowd through utilization of an easygoing tone to connect with the peruser and increase compassionate reaction. We will compose a custom paper test on How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The weblog essayist utilizes expressions, for example, ‘gutted’, and elision; ‘Whatcha’ DCB Pierre draws in a youthful crowd through utilization of a high school hero. The weblog begins in medea res with utilization of the talk marker ‘So after another†¦ ’ making a casual mood. This likewise recommends the crowd are customary perusers of this specific blog, as they are required to comprehend what the discussion is alluding back to. The essayist utilizes withdrawals; ‘Isn’t’ which consoles the casual tone. A comparative tone is utilized in Vernon God Little, as the hero legitimately addresses the peruser all through; ‘You’d recall Clarence somebody’. nd utilizes the current state to additionally connect with the peruser; ‘I sit waiting†¦ ’ The weblog author utilizes enclosure to pass on to the peruser a further idea on the past articulation; ‘On the in addition to side (an extremely little in addition to size)’ This further draws in the peruser and causes them to feel just as they ar e legitimately engaged with the essayist. The principle motivation behind the two writings is to engage, anyway both likewise advise the peruser regarding the protagonist’s current circumstance; the weblog essayist has quite recently gotten news educating them that they have not been fruitful in a request for employment. JCB Pierre’s hero is as of now in jail; ‘I sit holding up between shafts of light from a column of doorways†¦ looks like I’m the just a single they gathered together so far’ This recommends maybe the hero is blameless, or there were more individuals engaged with the wrongdoing as he is obviously sitting tight for them to be captured. The setting of the weblog is that the author has as of late got a vocation dismissal and is connecting with his perusers to pick up maybe compassion and sympathy from them. The author utilizes language, for example, ‘Back at square one’ Emphasizing to the peruser that they are dispirited by the dismissal. The metaphor, ‘Like a punch in the stomach’ repeats the trouble the essayist is feeling and the goal was to perhaps increase a thoughtful reaction from perusers to assist him with resting easy thinking about himself. The setting of the novel concentrate is that a multi year old Texan kid (the hero) has been captured and is reviewing a man who was recently captured for a comparative wrongdoing. It contains slight mockery or dark silliness, as the hero specifies the news inclusion of the man referenced beforehand, inadequate with regards to any subtleties of the wrongdoing he carried out; ‘The news said how little he thinks about the impacts of his violations. By ‘effects’ I think they implied hatchet wounds. ’ This wry silliness engages the peruser while advising them regarding occasions preceding the capture of the fundamental voice in this story. The narrator’s last sentence is practically premonition, as he states; ‘They condemned him to death. ’ The most effective method to refer to How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations, Essay models

298 Tickets.

298 Tickets. A lot of lasts happened this past week: I turned in my last 5.310 (Chem Lab) lab report EVER. YAY. I was so happyy. I went to my last orgo recitation for the semester since we dont have class next Friday, and the following week consists of an orgo exam, and the week after is dead week, and the week after is (ahhh) finals. I finished my last bag of popcorn :( This is legitimately sad. Popcorns what keeps me company when its 2 am, and Im still not done with work. I went to get an eye exam at a doctors office in Somerville and decided that it was the last time I was ever going to make an 8: 45 a.m. doctors appointment ever again, especially considering the amount of walking, running, and sweating that was involved in me getting to the office. ~ And most importantly ~ The first part of the last Harry Potter movie came out this past week. And thanks to my class council, 297 members of my class and I* got to watch it for free at 8 pm on Thursday. Yup 4 hours before most everyone else in our time zone. I called my little brother as I sat in the theater, just minutes before the movie was about to begin: Hi Aanandh! Guess where I am right now? Uhhhin your room? Nope. At the theaters. About to watch HP 7. Are you jealous? No. OhOkay, bye. Talk about anticlimactic. It turns out my brother was lying about not being jealous, though, as Facebook informed me later via a status update: hahaha :) I was soooo excited when I found out that our class council was organizing this! Like Pokemon, Harry Potter is, in my opinion at least, a defining characteristic of our generation :) I read my first Harry Potter book in 5th grade, and in the years following, I re-read all seven books time and time again. Harry, Ron, and Hermione may have turned 17 earlier than I did- but it still feels like we grew up together. I couldnt have picked a better group of people with whom to watch HP 7, not the least because one of my friends brought a broomstick to the theater as his costume and poked people with it at the most inopportune (and most perfectly hilarious) moments. Random chanting of peoples names preceded the movie, no doubt to the displeasure of a certain David 13 (sup!) whose name at least 298 members of the Class of 13 now know :) The general consensus of my class regarding the movie: It. Was. Awesome. We left the theater and rode our Harry Potter high through the night; three hours later, as I was helping someone finish up an orgo problem, the smile was still on my face. :) HP ? *dont worry, the other classes got to watch as well; every class council organized a Harry Potter event yup, MIT = cool. P.S. For those of you having some trouble being patient for your EA decisions =P ~ heres a distraction for you, courtesy of Kuljot 13: http://also-online.com/links/

298 Tickets.

298 Tickets. A lot of lasts happened this past week: I turned in my last 5.310 (Chem Lab) lab report EVER. YAY. I was so happyy. I went to my last orgo recitation for the semester since we dont have class next Friday, and the following week consists of an orgo exam, and the week after is dead week, and the week after is (ahhh) finals. I finished my last bag of popcorn :( This is legitimately sad. Popcorns what keeps me company when its 2 am, and Im still not done with work. I went to get an eye exam at a doctors office in Somerville and decided that it was the last time I was ever going to make an 8: 45 a.m. doctors appointment ever again, especially considering the amount of walking, running, and sweating that was involved in me getting to the office. ~ And most importantly ~ The first part of the last Harry Potter movie came out this past week. And thanks to my class council, 297 members of my class and I* got to watch it for free at 8 pm on Thursday. Yup 4 hours before most everyone else in our time zone. I called my little brother as I sat in the theater, just minutes before the movie was about to begin: Hi Aanandh! Guess where I am right now? Uhhhin your room? Nope. At the theaters. About to watch HP 7. Are you jealous? No. OhOkay, bye. Talk about anticlimactic. It turns out my brother was lying about not being jealous, though, as Facebook informed me later via a status update: hahaha :) I was soooo excited when I found out that our class council was organizing this! Like Pokemon, Harry Potter is, in my opinion at least, a defining characteristic of our generation :) I read my first Harry Potter book in 5th grade, and in the years following, I re-read all seven books time and time again. Harry, Ron, and Hermione may have turned 17 earlier than I did- but it still feels like we grew up together. I couldnt have picked a better group of people with whom to watch HP 7, not the least because one of my friends brought a broomstick to the theater as his costume and poked people with it at the most inopportune (and most perfectly hilarious) moments. Random chanting of peoples names preceded the movie, no doubt to the displeasure of a certain David 13 (sup!) whose name at least 298 members of the Class of 13 now know :) The general consensus of my class regarding the movie: It. Was. Awesome. We left the theater and rode our Harry Potter high through the night; three hours later, as I was helping someone finish up an orgo problem, the smile was still on my face. :) HP ? *dont worry, the other classes got to watch as well; every class council organized a Harry Potter event yup, MIT = cool. P.S. For those of you having some trouble being patient for your EA decisions =P ~ heres a distraction for you, courtesy of Kuljot 13: http://also-online.com/links/

How Ethical Leadership is Associated with Employee Output...

For an effective and long term success for managers in leadership position, managers have to set an example with high moral standards and conduct that is shown in their daily activities. This kind of leadership qualities must be exerted in their everyday talk, actions, and conduct in the work environment. Today, there’s more demand to be more progressive and efficient in the work place with no room for error (Veiga, Golden, Dechant, 2004). Also, there has been an increase in consciousness about an individual’s rights, bring in the concern about an employees’ treatment within a jobsite. Issues of ethical and moral conduct of leadership are being scrutinized more than ever before (Veiga et al., 2004). This study it will analyze how†¦show more content†¦With the described traits and characteristics used in combination with each other, one has the potential to be an effective ethical leader. Given the positive attributes listed, there is more to consider on how a leader promotes ethical conduct. Consciously, managing ethics and practicing accountability to everyone inside the organization (Gardner, 2003; Toor Ofori, 2009; Trevino Brown, 2004). This would allow no favoritism inside the organization and help foster a culture of trust, morality, and accountability that employees would desire. Questions In researching the manager’s leadership ethical standards and the culture in the work environment, a qualitative experiment would be launched to gather data from the firm’s employees on their thoughts and attitudes of leaders in the firm and the work culture. Essentially, the research will be designed to answer the questions about the leadership roles in the company. The questions to be answered about the employee’s leadership position are: 1. How do employees perceive their manager’s ethical leadership? 2. How are the managers’ perceived ethical leader effect employee outcomes and organizational culture? 3. How are the manger-subordinate relationships affected by the manager’s ethical leadership in the organization? The study will sample all employees who have direct andShow MoreRelatedManagerial Economics And Management Decisions By C. M. Birch1702 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors played a substantial role in deciding the survivability rate of the company from succeeding or declaring bankruptcy. This paper will serve as a means to understand Samsung’s corporate orientation such as culture, strategy, structure, organizational leadership, ethical programs, and associated risks. In addition, to analyzing past decisions and identify new strategies to improve Samsung’s corporate function. The South Korean giant, Samsung, is known as a renowned manufacturer for a multitude ofRead MoreAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior1638 Words   |  7 PagesAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior 1. 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Ronda Harlan reflects how the master’s program at CSU aligned withRead MoreManagement Is An Important Component Of Every Business1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe topics discussed to date have centered around management in the workplace, including its importance and challenges. We will discuss the key points that captured our attention including what management is, how management differs from leadership and issues that managers encounter in the ever changing workforce. Management in the Business World In today’s business world, managers are dealing with changing work environments, a changing workforce, globalization, economic and political uncertaintiesRead MoreStudying Management : The Discovery Of Importance1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Discovery of Importance The topics discussed to date have centered around management in the workplace, including its importance and challenges. We will discuss the key points that captured our attention, including what management is, how it differs from leadership and issues that managers encounter in the ever-changing workforce. Management in the Business World In the business world, managers are dealing with changing work environments, a changing workforce, globalization, economic and politicalRead MoreBusiness Ethics Annotated Bibliography2636 Words   |  11 Pagesof social power on corporate ethical values, employee commitment, and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 97, 341-363.Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/821301766 The authors of this business journal explore the recent activities of today’s retail giants and how their ethical behavior affects their brand, objectives, performance and stakeholders. The authors investigate the origins of certain variables that affect the ethical values of an organization.Read MoreThe Congruence Model Of Organizational Behavior1807 Words   |  8 Pagesinput/output analysis that the congruence model provides. With this report it will provide an unbiased outlook on how the inputs align with whole foods strategy. In addition to this data we will analyze how the company has been doing with its performance compared to its goals. This report will analyze the company’s business strategy to its operating environment as well as examine the inputs in the organization’s environment, resources, and history, and how they align with the required outputs. LastlyRead MoreThe Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations1804 Words   |  8 PagesP ublic Sector Organizations This paper will examine the particular issues associated with the impact of outsourcing on public sector organization’s performance and employee commitment. As the move to outsourcing is part of a wider phenonom for flexibility in the organizational, structure, development and change paradigms of public sector organizations. This paper begins by examining the problems associated with an outsourcing strategy in public sector organization. Many counties within theRead MoreGoogle s Best Company For Work For A Company1493 Words   |  6 Pageslifespan, Google has over 50,000 employees spread across the world that serves millions over the globe. If a person ever wondered how Google has become such a powerful company, you must first understand the company’s approach to organizational behavior and how they keep their employees happy. After reviewing several articles on Google’s approach, I have found the secrets to how they motivate their employees and why it works. Google started with two students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who were attendingRead MoreHow Motivation and Leadership Theories Can Be Applied.3138 Words   |  13 PagesMOTIVATION THEORIES: Goal Setting Theory: In the late 1960s, Edwin Locke proposed that intentions to work toward a goad are a major source of work motivation. That is, goals tel an employee what needs to be done and how much effort will need to be made. Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalized goal of do your best. Why? The specificity of the goal itself seems to act as an internal stimulus. For instance, when a trucker commits to making 12 round trips

Genre Films Predictability and Formulaicity Essay

Genre Films Predictability and Formulaicity This essay shall discuss whether Genre films are predictable and formulaic, looking at the Western genre, and using the example films of, The Searchers and Unforgiven. Genre is a fundamental means by which we communicate especially in storytelling. If looking at genre in terms of Thomas Shatz, he puts forward the theory of similarity and overlap. He adopts a thematic and ideological approach, which identifies only two genres; the genre of order and the genre of integration. In this case the Western would be categorised into the genre of order. This essay shall also look at how genre films change over time, due to changes in society, as characters†¦show more content†¦Within each of the films, the revenge narratives are both set around the female, as in The searchers, Ethan and Martin aim to save the young girl Debbie, and in Unforgiven, Will, Ned and the Schofield Kid aim to get revenge for the female prostitutes, this therefore shows how genre could be seen to predictabl e and formulaic as these two western films show how they both follow similar structures and narratives. The theorists Propp and Todorov have focused on the similarity in narrative across different genres. They suggest that genres that are different from one another in terms of visual, verbal and musical signifiers operate according to the same narrative structures. Propp puts forward the story functions of hero, villain and donor etc, and Todorov puts forward the equilibrium narrative theory. These two theorists therefore show, how genre could be seen to be predictable and formulaic, as both of their theories can be applies to The Searchers and Unforgiven, and they also believe they can be applied to many other genres and films. The characters within The Searchers fit into Propps story function as it is shown that, Ethan is the main hero within the film, Martin is the main helper throughout the film and Debbie is seen as the princess who needs to be saved. The same story function can

Summer Dreamscapes †Creative Writing Free Essays

That particular morning, I woke early, earlier than my parents, which was quite unusual for summer. I had no idea this would be a small yet very important day in my life. I lied in bed a few moments, sun shining brightly through my metal framed windows, hitting my face, thinking of the beautiful day that waits. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Dreamscapes – Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I quickly ascended from my queen bed, nearly tripping over the piles of clothes on my grayish-blue floor. I hurried to my bathroom rugs; the painted concrete floor under my feet was chilly, sending a slight layer of goose bumps up my arms. I came to virtually a sudden stop in the middle of my pink and green polka dot painted bathroom after a quick glance out the window. In the greenery out near the multicolored flower garden, sits a small brownish-grey cluster of fur. With a closer look, I could easily tell it is a squirrel. Like a statue, the miniature creature was absolutely tranquil. I stretched my arm up to lay my hand on the glass, still cold from the shadowy night. With a flick of the wrist, I tapped the window, quickly, but not too loud. In no more than a second the frightened tiny ball of fur came alive and quickly scurried up the Elm tree in the back yard, no longer in sight. After a silent laugh, I continued on my way. In the small bathroom, just right of the door sat my small porcelain sink with a wooden cabinet underneath. Out of excitement and no intent of going to sleep, I had already laid my clothes I had prepared to wear that day on the sink. I pulled on a white tank top, which still carried the relaxing smell of the lavender and vanilla detergent my mother loved to use. After sliding my clumsy feet into brown homely flip-flops, I hear my father calling my name. I flipped off the light switch, and hurried out the door. The anticipation only grew in the car ride to the lake as each leafy green tree and yellow line passed. I watched with exhilaration as the lake came into sight. I could easily see the majestic blue water and countless boats, which looked like white specks on the horizon, and I think to myself, â€Å"This is perfect. † I begin to smell the lake as we slowly drive forward on the narrow gravel road, rocks cracking below us, toward our favorite swimming area. This particular area was extremely special because it was surrounded by stunning bluffs, which I had never had the courage to leap from before. These beautiful, rough rock structures had all shades of brown and tan mixed together with visible horizontal lines from multiple years of rock formation. I opened the car door quickly, trying to grab as much as I could to take to the rough concrete picnic table. The table, situated nicely under a tree, appeared to have bright green moss growing on it, almost as if it had been under water at some point. The table had an astonishing view of the other side of the lake. From there I could see children wearing bright colored floaters and some playing in the sand. In my line if sight, was a small group of people tossing and bouncing around a red, yellow, blue and white beach ball and the sound of laughter in the distance. I start feeling an empty spot in my stomach as my dad prepared the grill. I could smell the charcoal starter mixed with the blackish briquettes as they caught flame. Looking at the lake from my seat, I could see the rainbow waves of heat from the grill, blurring my vision. I hear the burger patties sizzling and the smell of the beef cooking that brought back all the memories of summers before. I reach below my seat and open the lid of the cooler, plunging my hand into the icy water to grab a cold drink. As I pulled my hand out, I gave it a little shake to get the remainder of the melted ice water off. My mother handed me a plate and poured the little triangular nacho cheese potato chips to my plate, they are my favorites. She sat a bun she had taken from a bag on my plate and grabbed the deep-red tomato ketchup from the cooler and squirted in an â€Å"s† shape on the bun. Although I knew better, I ate in a hurry, even finishing a can of soda, so I could get in the water. I hurried to the top of the bluff for a quick peak from the very top. I could see nobody below me but the blue-green glass-like water waiting, calling my name. I had decided long before that soon I was going to brave this jump, and today is the day. Being the impatient person that I am, I tossed my tank top and flip-flops in the short green grass atop the bluff and walked to the edge for ‘just a look’ for the last time. I could feel the hot gritty rock beneath my bare feet. I could feel the anxiousness in the pit of my stomach and the readiness in my mind. I peered over my left shoulder for one last glance at my parents, who were absolutely preoccupied at the time. Knowing I was ready, I wanted to think twice but didn’t. I gathered all the fear inside myself and took one deep breath. I pushed away from the top of the bluff with all the strength in me. Time seemed to stop, and I remembered the children playing in the distance and the boats floating on the smooth water, although I couldn’t have been in the air for more than a few seconds. I didn’t make a sound except the splash when I hit the water, motionless until that instant. I could feel the cool water all over my body, the adrenaline pumping, my mind shocked at what I had just done. I plunged lower into the darkness as the bubbles I had brought down with me raced to the top. My lungs, empty, began to ache and I knew in a split second I needed to get to the surface for air. I caught my breath at the top of the water and knew I had accomplished one of my own goals and conquered my great fear of heights at the same time. We left the lake late in the evening, just as the sun began to set. I had hit a small, yet huge milestone in my life. I knew I could do anything, no matter how much fear I feel, if I just set my mind to it. I always think back to this important day when I feel frustrated and remember that I am only limited by what I limit myself. Driving away from the pinkish-purple sunset, I take one last look back and see the sun’s ornamental reflection on the glassy water and realize what a wonderful experience this day has been. I have the memories of the exciting jump and the vivid picture of the colorful sunset forever in my mind. How to cite Summer Dreamscapes – Creative Writing, Papers

Interpersonal Communication Skills Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Communication Skills. Answer: Interpersonal communication skills may be defined as the skills which are used by different individuals when interacting with others. In the fields of business, the term interpersonal communication mainly refers to an individuals capability of getting along with others at the workplace at the same time of getting assignments and task done. Interpersonal communication skills are very important for the establishment or bonding as well as a relationship between the individuals and their colleagues. This often led to mutual exchange of ideas as well as different information and skills. Moreover such skills are also important for establishment for mutual respect as well as considerations of another individuals opinions and input. Workplaces where individuals have proper interpersonal communication can ensure that a proper performance of duties is maintained with rightmanagement of tasks and also different completion of assignments. The following essay will mainly show the use of five impo rtant diagnostic tools to identify any two communication skills. This will be followed by a literature review on the communication issues. Proper action plans will be provided thereafter which will help me to overcome the two issues successfully. The first tool that I have utilized for identifying my gaps in exhibiting proper communication skill is the Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA). This tool is mainly helpful to describe the communication skill which is exhibited by me when I want to communicate and interact with people of different cultures. This tool has 14 important questions which are usually answered with grading from 1 to 5 starting from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The marks which are obtained help an individual t be designated as low, high or moderate intercultural when scores are below 32, above 52 and between 32 and 52 respectively (Neulip Mccroskey, 1997). From this tool, my score was 52 which stated that am highly intercultural. I have no biasness towards any culture and therefore all colleagues of other cultures are very comfortable with me. They enjoy my companionship as I appreciate their innovative thinking that their cultural preferences provide. I try to learn their language and provide importance to their inhibitions never being judgmental. Hence, this is a positive communication skill that I exhibit. The next tool that I utilized is the Talkaholic scale which mainly states that how much an individual is compulsive communication. According to this tool, being in a compulsive communication does not mean that the individuals are engaged in taking matters which are not wanted to listen by us or in ineffective communication (McCrockesky Richmond, 1993). Many researchers are of the opinion that individuals who talk more are positively accepted by their colleagues and supervisors as they seem to be more competent to them (McCrockesky Richmond, 1995). They have 16 questions which need to be answered by providing a grade form 1 to 5 which range from strongly agree to strongly disagree. After following a particular formula, a score can be obtained which will allocate individuals to being very less talkaholic, borderline talkaholic and talkaholic with scores like 30, 30-39 and above 40 respectively. My score is high about 40 which show that I am truly compulsive talkaholic but I never eng age into useless talk. I participate in both formal and informal interactions with colleagues which help me developing strong bonds with them. Moreover, my transparency and open mindedness is expressed by my interactions which are respected and loved by colleagues. As I talk with everyone in the team, I often is made the monitor by the mentor as he believe I am competent to lead a team with strong bonds. As I am talkaholic, I express my feeling in every case which reflects my inner self which makes me more competent and happy at workplace. The next tool that I have used for my assignment on reflection is the Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale (SPCC). This tool mainly helps to help an individual understand his own competence while communicating in different situations with both known as well as unknown faces (McCrockesky Mccrockesky, 1988). This tool has 12 important questions which the individual needs to answer from 0 to 100% o marks which will later be calculated by following particular formulas. I had not scored well and this reflects that I am not well competent in all situations of communication. I noticed that I am only confident and capable of effective communication when in small groups of friends and acquaintances. When such groups become large in number, I grow nervous and confused. My confidence all seems to lower down. Moreover I am not at all comfortable with taking in large public fronts and also with strangers. I cannot provide them effective feedback due to lack of confidence and high anxiet y which makes me behave in such a way. The next tool that can be helping me to provide more light on the previously identified communication issue is the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA). This tool is extremely helpful is making an individual understand how competent they are in the public speaking domain making him know his anxiety level (MccRoskey, 1970). This tool mainly has 34 important questions which an individual needs to answer with marks from 1 to 5 with 1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree. With the help of the easy calculating formula, the score of an individual in this domain can be calculated. The score is regarded as high, low, moderate when marks are 131, 98 and 98-131 respectively. Form this tool; I understood that I tend to develop high levels of anxiety when I try to communicate with unknown people or new entrants in the office. I tend to stammer when I give presentations inform of new people due to development of anxiety and lowering down of confidence. This in turn a ffects my feedback giving as well as receiving skills and therefore others may develop negative feelings about me. The next tool that I have used for reflecting on my interpersonal communication is the Willingness to Listen Diagnostic tool. Listening skill is one of the most important skill in business domains as it has the capacity to reduce miscommunication, increase success rate of a work, development of proper business procedure, develop trust among employees and others. A person who listens properly can avoid repetition or overlapping of similar work thereby increasing the betterment of team performance (Richmond Hickson, 2001). The speakers feels satisfied and development of result results. There are 24 important questions which the individuals need to answer with grading system from 1 to 5 with 1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree. With the help of the formula, I obtained the score and noticed that it is below 59 which showed that I have low willingness to listen. Scores above 89 shows high willingness. Lack of listening skills has many harsh impacts on the performance bot h at an individual level and also at team levels and organizational level which may affect my career. Hence I need to work on this skill. From the entire discussion, I have identified that I have two communication issues. The first issue is that I often tend to become anxious when in need to speak in big groups of friends and acquaintances. I also lose confidence and become nervous when I talk with unknown people or on a large platform of audience I cannot provide them with proper feedback due to complexes where I feel I may be judged or criticized. The next issue that I have identified is my impatient listening skills and also my unwillingness to listen completely to that of the speaker. I tend to cut down the speaker half way die to my impatience. I also become unwilling to listen to him completely before making remarks where speaker feels disrespected and disappointed. I had a negative experience during my internship months. I was assigned to a group of 5 individuals. While planning, the individuals assign a particular part of chapters to each of the individuals. I was absent the nest day and therefore a team member came to me to make me understand the alterations which were done to the plan when I was absent. However, I was too impatient and cut her short in the middle stating that I had understood. She felt disappointed. However I mistakenly repeated another team members work which I was not supposed to do according to the modified plan. Not only in scored less but was criticized by my team mates. Another negative incident took place when I was assigned the task to give presentation to a new set of clients to sell the products. As I had to face new set of people whom I did not now, I got anxious and lost all my confidence even although I prepared thoroughly the night before. I continuously stammered and fumbled which made my presentation less attractive and I also tended to become nervous and could not answer their query although I knew all of them. My mentor criticized me for losing the deal and instructed me to work on my communication skill of receiving and giving feedback skill and also to talk with others with both confidence and smartness. Researchers like Brownell (2015) are of the opinion that listening skills enable individuals to acquire proper information and facts which help them to take right decisions which are benefiting for the organization. Not only success in business and increased productivity, proper listening skills also enable development of trust. This is because, if an individual is trusted with a particular projects and details are mentioned with him and if he fails to deliver them due to impatient listening; it might lead to loss of trust. Moreover improper listening skills can result in loss of reputation of a company (Wood, 2015). If customers asking for a product gets repeatedly wrong product due to improper listening skills of customer care services, it harms the reputation of the company. Moreover it also helps in motivating employees when managers listen to their employees attentively without passing remarks or by cutting them short.. This make the employees feel that the managers are sincerel y interested and that they are respected. Proper listening skills also make the employees develop trust in each other by development of strong bonds. Researchers like Kaner (2014) are of the opinion that active listening only can take place when the listener focuses his full attention on the speakers statements. He should never interrupt the speaker and should remain non-judgmental. He should show genuine interests in the speakers. Moreover many other researchers are also of the opinions that the listener should also provide attention to what the speaker wants to intend and thereby read non verbal cues. Body language as well as facial expressions should be studied also while listening (Rosenberg Chopra, 2015). Moreover the listener should also show proper body language which would invite posture and verbal comments occasionally to make the conversation interesting. Researchers like Nancarrow et al. (2013) are of the opinion that proper listening skills can modify disruptive situati ons into an opportunity which can be utilized for growth. By this he meant that of a dissatisfied co worker or customer is properly hard, it will calm down the situation, decrease the negative feelings in them, maintain calmness and help in problem solving. This will in turn increase interpersonal boning and will help developing commitment and trust (Keytone et al., 2013) Confidence and attitude in public speaking plays an important role in public speaking. Each and every individual needs to be confident and create an everlasting impression on the audience or the listeners to make his objectives work. It is extremely important for the individual to develop self belief which is significant for the other to believe in the individual (Fiesler, Meckel Ranzizni, 2015). Nervousness only indicate that either the individuals or lying or are not aware of the intentions. Many researchers again suggest that there is a very fine line between confident and over confident and employees should be careful to maintain that. Overreacting or using face accents are not important but showing the real self with proper attitudes helpful for the organization is respected. Confidence reflects in the way one carries himself or herself. Problems such a fear or stage nervousness may disappear if individuals can successfully develop confidence in themselves confidence will only develop when an individual can rightly use his positive aspects in dominating the audience rather than exposing the weak points (Thill Bovee, 2013). Convincing clients are not easier but to some extent it might become easy if the individuals are confident enough to convince others and make them listen with attention. Some of the ways has been recommended by researchers to exhibit confidence for better output. These are developing a stable and clear voice tone which should be free from whispers as well as stammering as it conveys self assurance (Lyons Kurron, 2014). People should also listen to others attentively to gain ideas about different things and expand their knowledge. Speaking from the heart without any attacks or threats is important. Individuals should prepare themselves with confidence in a way where they can use humor, express gratitude, apologize when wrong and acknowledge others so that a proper communication can be maintained. The action plan that needs to be developed should have smart objectives. By the term smart objectives it means that the objectives should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely. The first goal should be development of listening skills and the second goal would be development of confidence while public speaking and reduction of anxiety. For this specific goal, I should engage myself in communication workshops where experts would advice and help me to develop my listening skill and give me strategies to become confident. Moreover, I should also try to participate in the student discussion forum sessions so that I can gather confidence gradually and develop as a speaker. Here I will face new students and as a result, debates will help me to reduce my anxiety and develop confidence. Thirdly, I also need to go through several journal articles which I can obtain form our digital library and use them as evidences for personal development of communication skills. Moreover I also need to practice inform of the mirror to develop my body language skills (Miller Barbour, 2014). The goals are measurable. The development I make in my listening skills and conversation skills would be reflected form the tasks that are assigned to me. The responses that I will get from the audience or colleague will help me to develop an idea about how I am fairing in the task. The goal should be attainable. I can allot the workshops in accordance to my university time so that they do not clash. Moreover the strategies which are selected are also not costly and therefore can be easily carried out. Therefore they are not difficult to follow but are attainable. Moreover they are also relevant as all the strategies will help us to polish our communication skills effectively a total of six months will be required for the results to occur. References: Brownell, J. (2015).Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge. Fieseler, C., Meckel, M., Ranzini, G. (2015). Professional personae?How organizational identification shapes online identity in the workplace.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,20(2), 153-170. Kaner, S. (2014).Facilitator's guide to participatory decision-making. John Wiley Sons. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), 152-169. Lyons, S., Kuron, L. (2014). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research.Journal of Organizational Behavior Management,35(S1). McCroskey, J. C. (1970) . Measures of communication-bound anxiety. Speech Monographs, 37, 269-277. McCroskey, J. C., McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5, 108-11. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P. (1993). Identifying compulsive communicators: The talkaholic scale. Communication Research Reports, 11, 39-52. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P. (1995). Correlates of compulsive communication: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Communication Quarterly, 43, 39-52. Miller, K., Barbour, J. (2014).Organizational communication: Approaches and processes. Nelson Education. Nancarrow, S. A., Booth, A., Ariss, S., Smith, T., Enderby, P., Roots, A. (2013). Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work.Human resources for Health,11(1), 19. Neuliep, J. W., McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports, 14, 385-398. Richmond, V. P., Hickson, M. III. (2001). Going public: A practical guide to public talk. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Rosenberg, M., Chopra, D. (2015).Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life: Life-Changing Tools for Healthy Relationships. PuddleDancer Press. Thill, J. V., Bove, C. L. (2013).Excellence in business communication. Pearson. Wood, J. T. (2015).Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Nelson Education.

Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Irans Nuclear Program

Introduction Intelligence disciplines have become important tools in aiding collection of pertinent information that poses a threat to national security. Open Source Intelligence Service (OSINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), Measurement and Signatures Intelligence (MASINT), Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) are good examples of intelligence disciplines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Iran’s Nuclear Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These disciplines are used by the United States of America to collect vital information regarding various nations like Iran that have been involved in manufacturing nuclear weapons that threaten the security (Rublee 2). Applicable Intelligence Disciplines OSINT is an intelligence discipline that scrutinizes certain materials that have been made acces sible to the public. This serves as a stepping stone towards assisting the United States to collect important information available to the Iranian citizens and the world population at large. This kind of intelligence discipline aids the Soviet Union to derive up to 90 percent of its intelligence (Rickwards 23). Further, it ensures that large quantity of data is gathered in a bid to come up with well structured information. The information should meet the threshold laid down by the advisory collector. In addition, OSINT relay vital information that exhibits the potential of the activities in an organization. Further, the information provided pertaining that particular organization cannot be derived from any other source. This simplifies the mode of classifying data and deriving trade assets as a result of compiling an open source data. It is therefore arguable that OSINT is one of the main intelligence sources applicable in detecting early disasters through the data collected. Accord ingly, collection of OSINT data is not limited. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) is another imperative intelligence discipline which leverage gathering of necessary information regarding nuclear weapons produced in Iran. Human intelligence has been associated with open sources. The intelligence engages in obscured activities on the one hand, and the persons behind the intelligence sources on the other. It is also not in doubt that unconcealed behaviors are executed in an open arena. Various activities under the intelligence may include making use of uncategorized or forum materials. Other activities entail working in the interrogation centers for refugees and captives of war and also debriefing legal travelers who are of interest to a nation’s intelligence services. Furthermore, clandestine sources relay information to a foreign nation which is imperative in providing necessary information about a nation’s involvement in manufacturing nuclear weapons and foreign citizens wh o creep into a country to conduct a research.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States has clandestine sources in Iran that are vital in providing the nation with crucial information on Iran’s involvement in nuclear weapons which can be a threat to US and world’s security. Further, even with the outburst of practical aptitude in the nation, HUMINT intelligence is still in the lead in the provision of technical information that is not accessible to most technical collectors. A good example is providing information regarding the access of internal memoranda and to screen-off area information. This is very vital for United States’ intelligence services as they are in a position to track information on Iran’s involvement in nuclear manufacturing even if it tries to conceal that particular information to the public. Moreover, HUMINT i s important as it has the capability of closely monitoring the plans of the enemy. It is also used to reveal the progress of manufacturing scientific weapons prior to their usage or detection by any other technical system. HUMINT also provides data on certain issues that entail such subjects with specific knowledge in regards to cases relating to defectors and spies. In addition, it relays crucial information to which it gained access. This is a very important step in helping United States acquire crucial information regarding Iran involvement in nuclear weapons. The intelligence discipline also deals in information that is highly regarded in interpersonal relations. This can be critical in providing pertinent information on Iran. HUMINT is also observant on foreigners who are entering the country particularly from Iran. According to Drogin, HUMINT has several intelligence collection agents such as reconnaissance troops who are guarded and equipped to conduct HUMINT operations (5). Under the same agency, there is the counterintelligence agency that ensures higher gathering abilities over any previous division or contingent level asset. It is of importance that the tactical level is not overemphasized with IBCT organization. This is because the CI asset organic to conventional units at the squad tactical level have the capability which is unique to IBCT and that is important in the United States Army. Drogin further states that HUMINT has another agent known as platoon which is an element of the brigade military intelligence company (23). The said company sustains the processes and upholds a dominion connection of administrative power. The principal acumen is contained within the strategic HUMINT agencies. Once information has been collected under this agency, it is reported to the management team which analyses the intelligence data gathered by the tactical team. This is very vital especially when collecting vital data on countries such as Iran that are active ly engaged in manufacturing nuclear weapons. The Interim Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) is an operational tool under the HUMINT that revolves around collecting vital information from one level to another. The tool is uniquely designed to collect and disseminate vital information either in audio or oral form that is deemed valuable to the process. This is a very vital step in acquiring important data on countries involved in nuclear weapons.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Iran’s Nuclear Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More MASINT is another important intelligence tool which influence collection of information regarding nations like Iran’s involvement in nuclear weapon production. MASINT is vital as a means of obtaining and analyzing data through its special technical sensors. This is attributed to its ability of classifying the important data that is correlated with the source emitter. This is very instrumental in aiding US crack down on Iran’s involvement in Nuclear weapons. United States is in a position to pick out specific people involved in manufacturing nuclear weapons in Iran and ascertaining the nature of weapons produced. MASINT has also been praised due to its unique capability of identifying important information that could not be detected by sensors. This serves as a vital step in exposing closed information regarding nuclear weapons produced in Iran. It also reveals essential information that is considered to be inferior. According to intelligence Resource Program, MASINT works hand in hand with defense department of United States to ensure a harmonization collection effort for the intelligence discipline. This is very essential in enhancing efficient collection of information regarding Iran’s involvement in Nuclear weapons. Furthermore, the inception of the MA SINT data management program was for the sole purpose of providing accurate information. This acts as a bigger step in aiding collection of intelligence information regarding Iran and other related nations’ involvement in manufacturing of weapons. The Intelligence Resource Program, which has been placed under the responsibility of the MASINT Army, resides with the Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM). The duty to assemble and develop data in MASINT has been placed on the scientific and technical intelligence team. The team is actively involved in its role hence portraying its ideal dedication to achieve maximum positive results in the project. This is a very vital step in collecting relevant information on nuclear. SIGINT serves as another important intelligence discipline which is used to control collection of information about a country’s involvement in manufacturing of weapons. This intelligence discipline makes use of certain integrated signal intercepts. The signals are used to capture messages that are transmitted in various forms. Information can also be gathered through fibre optic or such other means. Most communications under SIGINT are encrypted. They also typically require sophisticated computer technology for description which helps to maintain privacy and confidentiality of information.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States is in a position to get vital information regarding Iran involvement in nuclear weapons by applying this intelligence discipline and through other various platforms. Such platforms include covert locations inside United States. According to Intelligence threat handbook, SIGINT can monitor transmission from community satellite as well as terrestrial facilities (OPSEC 36). It therefore becomes of essence that the information regarding the proliferation of nuclear weapons is leveraged. The establishment of Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS), which consolidates all operations related to the case of Iran, is in a position to penetrate easily into a foreign nation. This was evident during the World War II when the United Nation through SIS, which is operated under SIGNT, penetrated in Japan. GEOINT has also been recognized as having a key role in the intelligence community and defense (Lahneman 23). GEOINT examines and gives an analysis of the visual account that correla tes to security actions. The analysis combines all the aspects of the imagery intelligence and the geospatial news. GEOINT uses imagery satellites to study the nuclear production in Iran. The imagery is currently obtained from an array of sensors. The imagery is vital to collect intelligent information. A proper installed imagery provides an accurate platform for targeting the weapon’s location. Secondly, it further gives a lee way to detect peculiar activities pertaining to the manufacturing of nuclear weapons in Iran. GEOINT allows the intelligence team to gather and produce information in an electronic manner or optical means and further relay the information garnered on display gadgets. It is therefore arguable that the intelligence concerns itself with imagery concepts that allow for easy collection and procession of data. This also ensures easy retrieval of all imagery activities that are considered of utmost important to assess any kind of threat that has been detected . Conclusion It is not in doubt that Iran is still actively engaged in assembling nuclear weapons. Though it has not been directly communicated whether the weapons pose a threat to the security of the nation or not, the same cannot be dismissed. It is therefore important to collect and disseminate information relating to the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The five disciplines therefore play a vital role to ensure that the same is achieved. Works Cited Drogin, Bob 2005, How U.S Fell Under the Spell of Curveball. PDF file. 2 Apr. 2013. Lahneman, William. Keeping U.S Intelligence Effective, Plymouth, 2011. Print. OPSEC. Intelligence Threat Handbook, New York: Diane Publishers, 1996. Print. Rickwards, James. Currency Wars: The making of the Next Global Crisis, London: Penguin Group, 2012. Print. Rublee, Maria. Non- Proliferation Norms: Why States Choose Nuclear Restraints, New York: University of Georgia Press, 2010. Print. This research paper on Leveraging The Five Intelligence Disciplines To Access The Threat And Urgency Of Iran’s Nuclear Program was written and submitted by user Anabella Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

One Die, Two Dice

One Die, Two Dice One Die, Two Dice One Die, Two Dice By Maeve Maddox Mickey Bayard has questions about the words die and dice. A friend and I are in dispute over the expression, The di (die , dye) is cast, we have crossed the Rubicon .   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦our conflict is over the use of di. I feel it is the singular of Dice , and therefore means the casting of a single dice or di. My friend argues that it is related to a Die cast i.e. A Sword cast in metal from a die. Both seem plausible and the spelling should help , but I have seen it both ways .So many people must be confused as well. First, Caesars frequently quoted statement is usually rendered as The die is cast. Alea iacta est (also alea jacta est, Latin: The die has been cast) is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as iacta alea est [ˈjakta ˈaË lea est]) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the River Rubicon in northern Italy. Wikipedia Gambling was a favorite Roman pastime so Caesars metaphor was easily understood. Fate controlled the roll of the dice. By crossing the Rubicon, Caesar initiated the events that would play out in the civil war to follow. The plural of this kind of die is dice. I dont know about swords, but coins and other objects are cast from a die: An engraved stamp used for impressing a design or figure upon some softer material, as in coining money, striking a medal, embossing paper, etc. The plural of this kind of die is dies. The word die may come from Latin datum in the sense of that which is given or decreed [as by lot or fortune]. The dots on dice are indented. The sense of stamping block or tool for die was first recorded in the 1690s. There is historical precedent for using the plural dice as a singular, as in this example from the OED: 1751 MRS. E. HEYWOOD Hist. Betsy Thoughtless IV. 202 Protesting never to touch a card or throw a dice again. Contemporary gamers frequently use dice as a singular: The probability of one dice being a particular number is 1/6. The player may use either ONE DICE or THE OTHER, instead of adding both Dice together, to increase their count. Each player keeps one dice. This use of dice to refer to one of the dotted cubes has recently crept into directions for games intended for general audiences. The use of dice as a singular noun strikes my ear as incorrect, but I suspect that it will eventually become the norm. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Is "Number" Singular or Plural?

HACCP in temperature conrolled transport Assignment

HACCP in temperature conrolled transport - Assignment Example Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive measure in food supply chain that Identify potential biological, chemical and physical hazards in the food production and distribution process and goes further to design preventive measures to eliminate or reduce these hazards to acceptable levels. In this regard, HACCP is a preventive measure rather than a corrective measure. Production and distribution of food involves a number of processes that are required to eliminate or prevent reintroduction of food hazards through post contamination. Activities during transportation are even critical because most food products leave the factories when several analyses have been done and food that meet the quality and safety parameters are released to the market. It is therefore important for food transporters to ensure no potential hazards are reintroduced in foods during transport. This principle forms the basis for implementation of HACCP system in a temperature controlled trans port. Multidisciplinary approach is the key to successful implementation of HACCP system for temperature controlled transport. This approach should appropriately include: production, chemistry, food technology, engineering, microbiology, agronomy and public health expertise. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System is a food safety management system thus should allow transporters whether small or large to identify and manage all hazards that would pose danger to food during transportation. ... It is important to note that these are the key activities involved with regard to logical sequence of HACCP principles. HACCP Team Formation The development and maintenance of an effective HACCP system depends mainly on the management team. Assemblage of the HACCP team is the first stage in implementation. The team should consist of people and individuals with appropriate multidisciplinary expertise. HACCP team for temperature controlled transport must consists of expertise from engineering, food technology, production, logistics and transport, food microbiology, food chemistry, food packaging and storage, food toxicology and food quality assurance (Surak & Wilson 2007 p.8). The composition of HACCP team is very critical in identification of all potential hazards and putting the right control measures. However, if for example a transport company is not able to avail expertise from these disciplines, it is recommended that the company seeks for advice from independent experts. The HAC CP team also plays a key role in identification of the scope which for this case is transport and storage of food thus hazards covered here would be within the scope. Product Description and the Intended Use The HACCP team should then describe the products in full and must include all relevant information about safety including physical, chemical and microbiological properties, composition, chemical structure such as water activity and pH, storage conditions and the expiry dates. A full description should also include any form of treatments such as brining, freezing, thermal treatment, smoking and the methods of storage and distribution. However, when the controlled temperature transport system caters for different products, this description can

Price of Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Price of Healthcare - Essay Example In 2005, the average person spent close to $6,000. Medical bills were of little concern to families in the 1950’s but the medical technology seems archaic by today’s standards. Half a century ago, a person’s lifespan was approximately 68 where today, it is a decade longer. Those in their 40’s today can reasonably expect to see their 80th birthday. Most, presumably, would prefer to spend more money to live longer which is what has happened. From this perspective, healthcare could be considered a good return on an investment. The benefits and costs of healthcare are not unrelated yet many do not understand why they have to pay more than they did equivalent to the 1950’s or even to 1999. People generally consider healthcare costs to be a commodity in the same way they think of electricity or gasoline where price has little bearing on the quality of the product. The medical system of the U.S. does experience waste from sources such as bureaucratic expenses generated from insurance companies and unproven procedures that are expensive and are yet to be proven effective. The main reasons for the increasing medical cost increases, however, are visible and obvious. They can be readily observed in hospitals and in people’s home medicine cabinets as well. CAT Scan and MRI machines, specialized neonatal apparatus and defibrillators in addition to numerous other high-tech hospital gadgets such as artificial hearts are very expensive. Prescription prices have also risen which adds to the total costs related to healthcare (Leonhardt, 2006). The price of prescriptions are not determined by production costs or by monies allocated to researching new drugs. Competition, projected volume of sales as opposed to actual sales and estimates of revenue produced by the product are among other factors drive drug prices.

Biochemical Importance of Water

Biochemical Importance of Water Water is often referred to as the universal solvent and without there would be no life on this planet. Its involvement is extensive from cellular processes in organism to providing a habitat for life. In this essay I will examine the reason for waters properties and how its properties allow for its vast involvement. A water molecule is comprised of 2 hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. The oxygen forms 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals resulting in a tetrahedral shape. The sp3 hybrid orbitals come about from the overlap of the 2s orbital and the 2px, 2py and 2pz orbitals of the oxygen. Two of these hybrids then overlap with the 1s orbital of the hydrogens resulting in two covalent bonds. The other orbitals are occupied by the 2 lone pairs on the oxygen. The VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory states that electrons repel each other and as a result of this the electrons that surround an atom spatially arrange themselves maximising the distance between one another in the effort to reduce this repulsive effect1. However, lone pairs have a greater repulsive effect than valence electrons which results in the distortion of the angle by effecting the positions of the other electrons; this property accounts for waters shape being bent rather than tetrahedral and having a bond angle of 104.5Â ° rather than a tetrahedral angle of 109.5Â °1. Waters polar nature is contingent upon the difference in the electronegativities of its atoms. Oxygen has a greater electronegativity than hydrogen resulting in oxygen having a bigger pull on the electrons than the hydrogen. The result of this is an inductive effect where the electrons in the covalent bond being drawn closer to the oxygen. As a result of the inductive effect, the oxygen has a partial negative charge (ÃŽ ´-) while the hydrogens possess a partial positive charge (ÃŽ ´+) producing a polar substance. Waters polar nature allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between one another. The partially positive hydrogen of one atom forms a hydrogen bond with partially negative oxygen of another water molecule. The partial charges on the atoms that make up water allow it to act as a solvent for ionic or polar substances. In the case of ions, the water can break bonds between one another to form ion-dipole bonds as well as dipole-dipole bonds5. The charge of the ion attracts the opposite charge on the water and is surrounded by the solvent molecules forming either one or more hydration shells. Certain biological molecules possess both polar and non polar regions. The polar regions are said to be hydrophilic and will interact with the solvent through hydrogen bonding. The non polar regions are unable to form hydrogen bonds with the water and therefore are unable to interact with it. The water is said to have a hydrophobic effect2 upon these non polar molecules as they interfere with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These biological molecules position themselves so that the orientation of the hydrophilic head faces outwards into the solvent while the hydrophobic tail points inwards away from the solvent. Examples of this process would be the micelles, which position themselves so that they form globules and bilayers where they position themselves so that there are two layers of hydrophilic heads pointing outwards into the solvent on either side with the tails conjugating in between. The bond strength of hydrogen is weak comparatively, it is approximately 20 kJ mol-1 compared to 460 kJ mol-1 for the covalent bond between the oxygen and the hydrogen3. Although hydrogen bonds are weak individually they have a cumulative effect. Due to the vast number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in water, water has a high specific heat capacity for its molecular weight (4.18 J K-1 g-1)5 meaning waters able to absorb a substantially high value for heat and as a result the temperature increase is minimal4. This is what makes water an effective temperature buffer. Water spreads the energy from the thermal increase across the entirety of its system; this is the reasoning behind why water is used by organisms to regulate their temperature. Sweat is comprised of water and salt, due to waters high specific heat capacity it requires a lot of energy to evaporate the sweet off the body6. The thermal energy generated by the body is used to evaporate the sweat which in turn cools the body down. This principle also explains why water can exist in liquid forms and allows for the existence of oceans, lakes, etc. Waters existence as a liquid is vital to existence of life. Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane. If animal cells were surrounded by an aqueous environment which differs in water potential from their own it could result in cell shrinkage or bursting. In an effort to prevent this, the cells are immersed in an aqueous solution with a similar osmotic potential to that in the cell (isotonic). An example of where osmosis plays a large part in biology is in homeostasis. Water regulation in the body is controlled by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain. The low levels of water in the blood cause these cells to shrink due to osmosis; this causes neurosecretory cells to release the hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)7. Controlling the levels of ADH controls the permeability of the collecting duct, in the liver, to water and thereby controlling the levels of water in the blood and subsequently the body. Each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds with 4 other water molecules. Although these water molecules dont stay constantly bonded to each other, reorienting every 10-12 s 3, the extensive network of these bonds results in a large cohesive force holding water together. This is vital for the role water plays for transpiration in plants. When water evaporates and leaves through the stomata a water gradient causes the water to be pulled up the xylem. The water molecules above drag the ones below it due the bonds between them. Waters adhesive properties also play a role in this as it gives water the ability to overcome the gravitational force acting upon it through the adhesion between the water and the cell walls in the xylem. Water is used inside complex organisms to break down macromolecules into their sub units. One of the hydrogens of the water is added to one substituent while the hydroxyl group in water is added to the other sub unit. This process is therefore known as hydrolysis. This is important in terms of converting long term storage of carbohydrates, such as glycogen in the body and starch in plants, into short term carbohydrates used in metabolism. The reverse of this process is known as dehydration. When monomers come together to form polymers, the hydroxyl of one and the hydrogen of the other leave giving rise to a polymer. An example of this would be the reaction between amino acids to form proteins, the hydrogen on the amine group and the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group on the other. Water plays a role in respiration; it cleaves a phosphate off ATP, energy currency of cells, to give ADP and energy for respiration. Waters is produced from the combining of hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation. The significance of this is, the formation of water allows the process to continue7; if water didnt form then cell death would follow. For instance, cyanide inhibits the formation of water from oxidative phosphorylation7. In photosynthesis, water replenishes the electrons lost by the reaction centre. The hydrogen ions of water pass through the channel in the stalk particle providing the energy for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The oxygen that is left combines with another to form O2 and is used in cellular respiration. Water contributes to buffering changes in pH in organisms. It combines with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. All these processes are reversible in both directions. This allows it to act as a buffer. If the pH increases the carbon dioxide and water react to form carbonic acid which, in turn, dissociates to release hydrogen ions, which decrease the pH, and bicarbonate6. The reverse occurs for a decrease in pH. In conclusion, the significant processes that water is involved in are due to its polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Essa

Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Christina Rossetti was born in Victorian England and grew up in the pre-Raphaelite era. Coming from a well educated family she drew influence for her poems from her surroundings and experiences. In ‘A Birthday’, she looks at the celebration of finding new love. She is overjoyed because her love is reciprocated and wants to make a new beginning with this man spending the rest of her life with him raising a family. A Birthday is filled with joy, happiness and anticipation of what life will be like with her new love. Whereas ‘Remember’ is very different; she must prepare her lifelong lover/husband for her death. The tone of joy is therefore replaced by a much sadder tone reflecting her struggle and unhappiness. Both poems are carefully structured. ‘A birthday’ is written in two verses. The first verse contains three similes and a comparative and the second uses three imperatives (raise me, carve it, work it) and in the final lines of both verses the reason for the joy and making of the room are given. Whereas ‘Remember’ is a petrarchan sonnet. It consists of many short phrases and gentle words which further illustrates the feeling of tiredness. The punctuation and lines mirror her difficulties to speak throughout the poem. In ‘A Birthday’ repletion of the phrase ‘my heart’ is used, this is to illustrate the feelings in her heart of joy, happiness and excitement that her love has been reciprocated by the one she loves. It gives the idea that her heart is the most important thing at this moment and it is affecting the actions of the rest of her body. In contrast in ‘Remember’ the word ‘remember’ is repeated to emphasise the idea that when... ...ws at first he will spend every moment thinking and grieving for her but with the gradual progression of time he may forget her from time to time; and for this he ma feel guilty. She is thinking ahead to the time when he won’t think of her in the natural flow of time which is imperceptible to him. The fact he has now accepted she is going to die she can give him instructions and talk about death and the grave in a real way. Such as the idea of darkness in the grave and how the body will decompose. She asks him to hold her in his heart and record her in his everlasting memories this compares with the idea of responsibility that comes with love which is described in ‘A Birthday’. She finally reassure him that if he does forget her he won’t be a traitor to her because she wants him to be happy and doesn’t want her death to be the end of his happiness forever. Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Essa Compare and Contrast Remember and A Birthday by Christina Rossetti Christina Rossetti was born in Victorian England and grew up in the pre-Raphaelite era. Coming from a well educated family she drew influence for her poems from her surroundings and experiences. In ‘A Birthday’, she looks at the celebration of finding new love. She is overjoyed because her love is reciprocated and wants to make a new beginning with this man spending the rest of her life with him raising a family. A Birthday is filled with joy, happiness and anticipation of what life will be like with her new love. Whereas ‘Remember’ is very different; she must prepare her lifelong lover/husband for her death. The tone of joy is therefore replaced by a much sadder tone reflecting her struggle and unhappiness. Both poems are carefully structured. ‘A birthday’ is written in two verses. The first verse contains three similes and a comparative and the second uses three imperatives (raise me, carve it, work it) and in the final lines of both verses the reason for the joy and making of the room are given. Whereas ‘Remember’ is a petrarchan sonnet. It consists of many short phrases and gentle words which further illustrates the feeling of tiredness. The punctuation and lines mirror her difficulties to speak throughout the poem. In ‘A Birthday’ repletion of the phrase ‘my heart’ is used, this is to illustrate the feelings in her heart of joy, happiness and excitement that her love has been reciprocated by the one she loves. It gives the idea that her heart is the most important thing at this moment and it is affecting the actions of the rest of her body. In contrast in ‘Remember’ the word ‘remember’ is repeated to emphasise the idea that when... ...ws at first he will spend every moment thinking and grieving for her but with the gradual progression of time he may forget her from time to time; and for this he ma feel guilty. She is thinking ahead to the time when he won’t think of her in the natural flow of time which is imperceptible to him. The fact he has now accepted she is going to die she can give him instructions and talk about death and the grave in a real way. Such as the idea of darkness in the grave and how the body will decompose. She asks him to hold her in his heart and record her in his everlasting memories this compares with the idea of responsibility that comes with love which is described in ‘A Birthday’. She finally reassure him that if he does forget her he won’t be a traitor to her because she wants him to be happy and doesn’t want her death to be the end of his happiness forever.

Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe

For the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason  why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. Once known as the bread basket of Africa, Zimbabwe has the ability to rise up again especially with the internationally accepted new government of Unity were the two major political parties, ZANU PF and MDC have come together to work as one for the betterment of the country and to fulfil the needs of the people. There has been little to no investment in Zimbabwe as many pulled out during the past decade. Foreign investment is when a company invests financially in a country abroad, whether in the form of portfolio investments which include shares, stock and bonds, or in the form of direct investment where locally based operations are owned and controlled by the foreign investing corporation. Such investments are controlled by laws known as International trade laws. International Trade law includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries or between private companies across country borders. Most countries are part of a body that has made an agreement for trading internationally. Zimbabwe is part of several including UNICTRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), BIPPA (the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement) and COMESA (the common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa). Zimbabwe’s local body, governing foreign investment is the Zimbabwe Investment Authority with approval necessary from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and Registrar of companies. The extract below shows the depths to which the Zimbabwean economy had fallen. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics 52. Zimbabwe Net Investment Flows 1998-2007 (US$ million) |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Direct Investment |436 |50 |16 |0 |23 |4 |9 |103 |40 |69 | |Portfolio Investment |11 |21 |-1 |-68 |-2 |4 |2 | | | | |Source: IMF, UNCTAD, Ministry of Finance However, what is common is that Africa is the one continent that most global capitalist powers compete for due to its vast resources and wealth, examples eing of Nigeria and its oil, The Congo, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana for their diamonds and precious stones as well as many other aspects such as Tourism. Zimbabwe to one of the Wonders of the world, and some people like investing in tourism, but over the past decade they decided not to. Countries would have loved to do that for reasons such as the 2010 world cup but in as much as opportunities arise, if a country is not politically and e conomically stable, it becomes almost obsolete to even the most interested investors. Zimbabwe economic situation was is dismal, having the â€Å"largest peacetime drop [in GDP] ever recorded† (http://www. state. gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117167. html) at roughly 50%. The Economist Intelligence Unit (in the USA) estimates that 12. 8% of the GDP dropped in just one year- 2008. The inflation rate is the highest in the world, officially estimated at about 231 million percent in July last year. Unofficially however, inflation rates of the Zimbabwean dollar are said to be hundreds of billions if not quadrillions; and this is only the tip of the ice berg. The reasons why foreigners had pulled out were because of: the instability that was brought about after the land return programme †¢ political instability – divisions between the two parties and how that affected the country †¢ Economic sanctions – these can cripple a whole economy and country †¢ the breakdown of the stock exchange †¢ the non transparency of the companies and thei r involvement with government †¢ high taxes †¢ unprofitable economic environment †¢ inflation that started in the thousands and ended in the millions †¢ the laws and regulations governing foreign investment †¢ limited protection for foreign investors in some cases †¢ corruption The biggest problem the country was facing is that the rule of law no longer exists in the country. Instead, numerous government policies were ill formed and passed. Some that totally nullifies the power of law and order and in some cases, human rights. Currency exchange is a crucial part of foreign trade, the government’s Conversion and Transfer Policies were uncertain and changed unexpectedly several times. This has put a constraint on business planning and operations and most companies would much rather not risk making great losses because of a sudden adverse change in policies. The government of Zimbabwe had been known to disregard any judgments passed against them by international arbitrators, making the country a place full of lawlessness, dangerous and too risky to invest in. For example in 2005 â€Å"a group of Dutch farmers whose farms were seized under the land reform program took their case to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), demanding that the Zimbabwean government honour the BIPPA between the Netherlands and Zimbabwe. Although the government â€Å"acknowledged that the farmers had been deprived of their land without payment of compensation† they disputed the US$30million claim by the farmers. A decision is yet to be reached. A policy amendment Constitutional Amendment 17, enacted in 2005, removed the right of landowners whose land had been acquired by the government to challenge the acquisition in court. To increase foreign investment the government’s priority should be to restore the rule of la w and order. Restore the people’s faith in the power and fairness of the judicial administrations and government of Zimbabwe. They can do this by honouring their agreements with other countries and renouncing past policies that contradict initial agreements. It would be messy but the country itself is already in a bad state. Righting the wrongs is therefore being an important part of reviving the nation’s economy. Nepotism, favouritism, victimization, and discrimination would have to be seen as no longer existent in the country to make investors feel once again confident and safe investing Zimbabwe. According to the ‘best available surveys’ â€Å"only 7% [700 000 people] of the nations population is employed in the formal sector,† otherwise there is 80% unemployment in the formal sector. Most qualified workers have fled the country in search of greener pastures. The government rightly expects foreign investors to maximize use of local managerial and technical personnel. But in my opinion it is the government’s responsibility to ensure that such personnel are available. Their policy making should therefore first focus on educating and catering for its people so they are available and up to international standard when foreigners come to invest and need workers. The government should make policies that direct a lot more funding into the Educational sector of the country – which was once very well respected and recognised. Those way investors would find more ready, capable and qualified locals to employ. The government should improve the health sector by injecting funds to pay doctors and nurses well. Qualified health workers flee Zimbabwe as soon as they get the chance in search of better, more consistent work environments. With well paid doctors and health personnel the country could avoid crises like the cholera outbreak in 2008 and ensure a safe physical environment. In all this however, Zimbabwe’s government has made efforts to improve foreign investment. They have created foreign trade zones and processing ports. Benefits include 5 year tax holiday, duty free importation of raw materials and capital equipment for use in the EPZ. There is a requirement to export 80% of production in these zones however so this makes the offer less attractive to foreign investors. The government should consider reducing the stipulation in order to attract more investors. After the formation of the Government of National Unity, there was increased support from the international world on how to come up with a sound political framework and policy formulation that could encourage foreign investors, and true to form, the two parties have been trying to work with each other so as to do so. South Africa and Botswana, although closer to home than the usual British and American investors, have already started investing in the mining and farming sectors, with notable billionaires such as Patrice Motsepe of South Africa playing a crucial part in the field. The goals business sector itself is pushing for: 1. Transparency in business and transactions 2. Sustainable taxes for investors 3. Regulatory laws that also work favourably for foreigners 4. Strict function and control of the 49% foreign ownership and 51% Zimbabwean ownership – where even those that are foreigners and own 49% are allowed to make Zimbabwean colleagues, their managers and CEO's for the sole issue of trust among many things. Such partnerships are being encouraged. The stock market for one is back on track, especially with the use of the US dollar and South African rand which is making the market stable and opening up the incentive of investing as there is no longer inflation after the current none use of the Zimbabwean dollar. For the mean while, it is not being used although it has not been eradicated as it will be back in use once the environment is permitting. The policies government makes should firstly, show that the country is serious about attracting foreign investment – at the moment, it looks like South Africa, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria are the only serious ones. Countries like Botswana, Uganda and Kenya are countries that are coming up and under observation in the mean time. Secondly the policies should market Zimbabwe as aggressively as other regions of the world – because as of now there is need for a supportive business framework such as transportation and communications infrastructures, trained or trainable human resources, and equitable trade and employment practices. Thirdly they should be aimed at demonstrating to investors the opportunity cost of not investing in Zimbabwe. Previously the government has certain policies in place, formed and implemented under a dictator regime; In 2008 the government introduced an Indigenization Act that mandates, over time, 51 percent indigenous ownership of businesses. The government reserves several sectors for local investors. Under current laws, foreign investors wishing to participate in these sectors may only do so by entering into joint venture arrangements with local partners. The foreign investors are allowed to own 35 percent of the operation. The following industries face these restrictions; †¢ Agriculture/Forestry; Primary production of food and cash crops , Primary horticulture , Game, wildlife ranching and livestock, Forestry , Fishing and fish farming, Poultry farming , Grain milling , Sugar refining. Transportation; Road haulage, Passenger bus, taxis and car hire services of any kind, Tourist Transportation, Rail operations. †¢ Retail/wholesale trade; including distribution, Barber shops, hairdressing and beauty salons, Commercial photography, Employment agencies, Estate agencies, Valet services, Manufacturing, marketing and distribution of armaments, Water provision for domestic and industrial purposes, Bakery and confecti onary, Tobacco packaging and grading post auction, Cigarette manufacturing. Source: (www. nationsenclclopedia. om/economies/africa/zimbabwe/foreign-investment). . The government needs to recognise that this may not be adequate enough incentive for investors. They should therefore revaluate and review their policies in some areas to encourage foreigners to invest. The percentages given to foreigners may prove unprofitable to a large conglomerate looking to run a company based in Zimbabwe. They would rather invest in a place where returns can be maximized, and the government should therefore allow foreigners a larger percentage of the business. he Government of National Unity has taken this into consideration and opened its door to all country stakeholders in 2009 to be part of the new policy making process, this included miners, lawyers, pastors, NGO’s and many other diverse groups. This reflected the positive determination of Zimbabweans and the government to get back on rein vest itself bigger and better. Our president was quoted at a mining conference to attract foreign investors who are sceptical about Zimbabwe's respect for property rights following the disruptions on commercial farms and a raft of controversial indigenisation laws; Because it is capital intensive, the mining sector requires regional and international partners who can bring in the necessary capital,   mining technology and management expertise to complement local resources,† Mr Mugabe told about 200 foreign investors. â€Å"On its part, the government is committed to ensuring that the policy environment is stable, predictable and sufficiently attractive to guarantee investors good returns on their investment. â€Å" Investors and locals alike look forward to the growth our economy will experience because of the new policies being put in place and the effort of our Government of National Unity is making to involve all stakeholders and uphold those laws. References: ? http://allafrica. com/stories/200909180530. html ? http://www. allbusiness. com/trade-development/trade-development- ? NationsEncyclopedia. com ? www. zimtrade. co. zw ? www. zia. co. zw ? http://www. state. gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117167 ? www. hg. org/trade. html ? en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Nations_Commision_on_International_Trade_Law

Josiah Wedgewood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1400 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Ambition Essay Success Essay Did you like this example? JOSIAH WEDGEWOOD September 17th, 2010 Josiah Wedgwood was an 18th century potter and entrepreneur whose company, Wedgwood Bentley, rose to success and fame in the mid 1700’s, despite having very little start-up capital and very few connections to break into the earthenware market. How was he able to succeed as an entrepreneur, where so many others had failed? Josiah was an innovative visionary, one who always seemed to be one step ahead of the competition, one who could see the outlined horizon rather than just the hand in front of the face. His reasons for success were not only his drive and ambition, but his innovative marketing strategies such as celebrity endorsements among the aristocrats and nobles, display rooms for his wares, â€Å"inertia selling†, and brand marketing. These and his ability to manage his company’s growth, had helped lead to his juggernaut business in the pottery industry in the 18th century, one that has continued to this day . According to Koehn, â€Å"he [Josiah Wedgwood] recognized that rising incomes in eighteenth-century Britain meant that many men and women now had more money to spend on nonessential goods such as china. He also saw that large numbers of people directed their spending toward social emulation. †(Brand New, pg. 3. ) Social emulation refers to the desire of lower classes to copy all mannerisms of the class directly above them. In recognizing this shifting consumer want (social emulation), Josiah was able to attract interest in his wares through various innovative selling, manufacturing and distribution procedures, and create a market need that only he could fill. One of his most important selling points was getting his wares to have a certain â€Å"celebrity status†, as is seen with many of today’s products, such as sports idols in Gatorade and sports apparel ads. Josiah even set the future trend for the countless celebrities nowadays, who have their own mak eup and perfume line(s) named after them. One example in Koehn’s Brand New was when, â€Å"Josiah suggested calling a set of flowerpots after the Duchess of Devonshire. These and other techniques, he said, ‘complete our notoriety to the whole Island’ and help greatly in the sale of goods both useful and ornamental, by showing that’ we are employ’d in a much higher scale than other Manufacturers. ’ (Brand New, 35. ) Knowing that the middle class would want to look and feel like they belonged to the upper class of aristocrats and nobles, Josiah planned his sales strategy towards this emulation trend, so that the middle class were able to see the quality, beauty and usefulness of his wares, and feel like they were royalty. Another famous example of Wedgwoods’ products reaching â€Å"celebrity† status was when Catherine the Great of Russia commissioned Josiah to make a china set consisting of 952 pieces. Each piece was meticu lously hand painted, using both old (i. e. expedited manufacturing processes) and new (i. e. hand-painted scenes on the china) industrial practices. The china set was presented in a showroom, displaying Josiah’s eye-appealing wares to London’s upper class. This and other showrooms became an integral part in creating the market need for both ornamental or luxury goods, which at the time only he could fill, and also to expand his customer base, domestic and later, foreign. (Brand New, 11-12) Josiah saw the importance of having these celebrity endorsements, knowing they would give his products a certain prestige among the upper class and desirability among the middle class. On the other hand, the display rooms would give potential customers a chance to look, see, and feel his wares, before they made a purchasing decision. Wedgwood was targeting the upper and middle classes with his celebrity endorsements, but what were the purposes of his showrooms? According to Koe hn, â€Å"He [Josiah] envisioned a distinct selling environment from that found in many other shops. Most eighteenth-century merchants did not devote great time or money to displaying goods†¦Wedgwood, by contrast, wanted facilities for retailing as well as premises large enough to show various table and dessert services completely set out. Such displays, as he wrote Bentley, would both attract and entertain female consumers. (Brand New, 30. ) Clearly Wedgwood saw a potential female market for his wares. Traditionally, women are the fashioners of the house, and appreciate the novel and the decorative to add beauty to their homes. Josiah most likely realized this after his marriage to Sarah Wedgwood. According to Koehn, â€Å"She [Sarah Wedgwood] helped with his experimental work, discussed commercial finances, and advised him on pottery design, helping him anticipate what women buyers wanted. Sarah suggested, for example, that he decorate the lids of transfer-printed teapots a nd sugar owls, which had previously been plain. †(Brand New, 28. ) Wedgwood greatly respected his wife and listened to her regarding his female consumers. He realized that the husbands of his female customers would listen to their spouses, much like he did, which could lead to purchase of his wares. Wedgwood paved the way for most modern day retailers, such as automobile dealerships who use showrooms to display their most eye-pleasing, highest quality cars, or furniture retailers who have fully furnished rooms to try and sell a bedroom set, kitchenette, etc. These showrooms allowed potential Wedgwood customers to examine his wares at their own pace, letting them compare different products until they found the perfect vase, china set, etc. These showrooms had other possible underlying advantages such as, the opportunity for newly acquired salesmen to train themselves and become accustomed to what Josiah’s wares could offer people. Lastly, these showrooms could provide an after-the-sale customer service. For example, in Brand New, â€Å"Wedgwood’s customers received free shipping anywhere in England and compensation for damage that occurred in transport. They also received a satisfaction-or-money-back guarantee, the first recorded example of such product support. †(Brand New, 35-36. ) Advantages of this kind of customer service include convenience and confidence. Customers who bought Josiah’s pottery knew that they wouldn’t have to travel long distances by horse to get his wares because he was willing to absorb the transportation costs and bring the product directly to the customer. Customers could also be confident that when they purchased a Wedgwood product it would arrive to them in great condition, and if any damages did occur, they would be fully reimbursed. Josiah created further convenience for his customers by participating in one of the earliest recorded examples of â€Å"inertia selling†. Koehn d escribes â€Å"inertia selling† as, â€Å"marketing to selected customers by shipping them unsolicited goods and offering them the opportunity either to purchase the items at set prices or return them to the manufacturer at no cost to themselves. †(Brand New, 32. ) Wedgwood once again set the trend for modern day mail-order book, record, and video clubs (i. e. Columbia House), many of whom use â€Å"inertia selling† in combination with a sales catalogue. According to Athineos, â€Å"Wedgwood wasn’t shy. He was the first pottery manufacturer to impress his own name in clay on the bottom of his pots. †(Forbes, 360-363) This created brand equity for Wedgwood Bentley and further increased the confidence of his customers because with Josiah’s name engraved, customers always knew what they were getting: Wedgwood’s skillfully crafted wares, of the highest quality and most aesthetic beauty. It also built awareness in his target markets (n obility and the middle classes), creating a certain prestige and brand loyalty among them. In conclusion, Josiah Wedgwood was one of the world’s finest entrepreneurs and innovators. His celebrity endorsements, although costly in time and money, proved to be invaluable in propelling Wedgwood Bentley to the top of the upper class market, which in turn led to his dominance among the middle class market (who had the desire to socially emulate the upper class) and set the trend for many of the celebrity endorsements we view today. His innovative marketing practices such as, display rooms and his various selling techniques (i. . â€Å"inertia selling†), are still seen today through companies like auto dealerships and book/video clubs such as Columbia House. His marketing strategy was impressive when you think about the limited amount of start-up capital and few business connections he had. It is quite a feat to manage such a high scale operation, especially during a time when transportation was limited to horse and boat, no fax-machines or telephones were available, and the technology we have in today’s manufacturing plants wasn’t present. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Josiah Wedgewood" essay for you Create order